APPLICATION OF IONIC LIQUIDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
... methodologies. These activities may provide more information on the understanding of mechanisms of organic reactions using ionic liquids as reaction media, which have been traditionally conducted in molecular solvents. It may also provide improved methodologies for product separations, particularly ...
... methodologies. These activities may provide more information on the understanding of mechanisms of organic reactions using ionic liquids as reaction media, which have been traditionally conducted in molecular solvents. It may also provide improved methodologies for product separations, particularly ...
Example
... • The visible wavelengths stimulate the retinal photoreceptors giving the sensation of light while the near infrared may give rise to thermal effects. • Because the refractive surfaces of the eye focus the incident infrared radiation on the retina, it can cause retinal damage, e.g. eclipse burns (gü ...
... • The visible wavelengths stimulate the retinal photoreceptors giving the sensation of light while the near infrared may give rise to thermal effects. • Because the refractive surfaces of the eye focus the incident infrared radiation on the retina, it can cause retinal damage, e.g. eclipse burns (gü ...
Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes by its endogenic porphyrins
... peaks around 612 nm when excited at 405 nm, which are characteristic for porphyrins. Endogenic porphyrins were determined and quantified after their extraction from the bacterial cells by fluorescence intensity and by elution retention time on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The porph ...
... peaks around 612 nm when excited at 405 nm, which are characteristic for porphyrins. Endogenic porphyrins were determined and quantified after their extraction from the bacterial cells by fluorescence intensity and by elution retention time on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The porph ...
Compositional and structural investigation of HCN polymer through
... Discrete structural units for small molecular components have been identified (with abundant presence of primary amines, bound to sp2 carbon). A polyimine chain-like structure is proposed for the polymer, resulting from nucleophilic addition to form C C bonds. We report here the first extended HRMS st ...
... Discrete structural units for small molecular components have been identified (with abundant presence of primary amines, bound to sp2 carbon). A polyimine chain-like structure is proposed for the polymer, resulting from nucleophilic addition to form C C bonds. We report here the first extended HRMS st ...
Optical mineralogy Method of the study
... and liquids. The instrument used is refractometer which consists of a polished hemisphere of high refractive index glass. a crystal face or a polished surface of the mineral is placed on the equilateral plane of the hemisphere but separated from it by a film of a liquid . The liquid must has a refra ...
... and liquids. The instrument used is refractometer which consists of a polished hemisphere of high refractive index glass. a crystal face or a polished surface of the mineral is placed on the equilateral plane of the hemisphere but separated from it by a film of a liquid . The liquid must has a refra ...
Technology Moving Forward Technology Moving Forward
... the pre treatment can be integrated into existing film manufacturing processes and plants Large width as evenly as possible at high throughput ‐ roll to roll “Cold” plasma most appropriate for plasma treatment of thermally sensitive polymers Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ...
... the pre treatment can be integrated into existing film manufacturing processes and plants Large width as evenly as possible at high throughput ‐ roll to roll “Cold” plasma most appropriate for plasma treatment of thermally sensitive polymers Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ...
Laser Scanner Technology
... distribution of atoms be altered so that there are more excited atoms, ready to emit energy, than low-energy atoms, ready to absorb it. The process of altering the energy distribution of atoms so that most of them will be in a high energy state is called population inversion. Lasers did not become a ...
... distribution of atoms be altered so that there are more excited atoms, ready to emit energy, than low-energy atoms, ready to absorb it. The process of altering the energy distribution of atoms so that most of them will be in a high energy state is called population inversion. Lasers did not become a ...
Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in Developmental Biology
... mode imaging except that it uses low-coherence light rather than sound and performs cross-sectional imaging by measuring the backscattered intensity of light from structures in tissue (1). The principles of OCTimaging are shown schematically in Fig. I. The OCT image is a gray-scale or false-color tw ...
... mode imaging except that it uses low-coherence light rather than sound and performs cross-sectional imaging by measuring the backscattered intensity of light from structures in tissue (1). The principles of OCTimaging are shown schematically in Fig. I. The OCT image is a gray-scale or false-color tw ...
expected output
... Lectures and Tutorials SYLLABUS: Quadratic functions and equations. Surds, logarithms and indices. Permutations and combinations. Series; finite, infinite, arithmetic, geometric and binomial(positive integral index only)including applications to compound interest, approximartions, growth and decay. ...
... Lectures and Tutorials SYLLABUS: Quadratic functions and equations. Surds, logarithms and indices. Permutations and combinations. Series; finite, infinite, arithmetic, geometric and binomial(positive integral index only)including applications to compound interest, approximartions, growth and decay. ...
expected output
... Lectures and Tutorials SYLLABUS: Quadratic functions and equations. Surds, logarithms and indices. Permutations and combinations. Series; finite, infinite, arithmetic, geometric and binomial(positive integral index only)including applications to compound interest, approximartions, growth and decay. ...
... Lectures and Tutorials SYLLABUS: Quadratic functions and equations. Surds, logarithms and indices. Permutations and combinations. Series; finite, infinite, arithmetic, geometric and binomial(positive integral index only)including applications to compound interest, approximartions, growth and decay. ...
Basics of Polarizing Microscopy
... direction of progression of ordinary rays and extraordinary rays in terms of the distance from the origin. As shown in the diagram, the index of refraction of extraordinary rays inclined by q from the optical axis is ne. The index of refraction of extraordinary rays reaches a maximum or minimum perp ...
... direction of progression of ordinary rays and extraordinary rays in terms of the distance from the origin. As shown in the diagram, the index of refraction of extraordinary rays inclined by q from the optical axis is ne. The index of refraction of extraordinary rays reaches a maximum or minimum perp ...
Interaction of Light and Matter
... light may interfere constructively with the incident light in certain directions, forming beams that have been reflected and/or transmitted. The constructive interference of the transmitted beam occurs at the angle that satisfies Snell’s law; while that after reflection occurs for θreflected = θinci ...
... light may interfere constructively with the incident light in certain directions, forming beams that have been reflected and/or transmitted. The constructive interference of the transmitted beam occurs at the angle that satisfies Snell’s law; while that after reflection occurs for θreflected = θinci ...
Glare and Night Time Driving
... signs and other objects UV radiations when absorbed get converted to longer ...
... signs and other objects UV radiations when absorbed get converted to longer ...
COMPOUNDS OF CARBON CONTAINING NITROGEN
... intermediates in drug synthesis. The quaternary ammonium salts derived from long chain aliphatic tertiary amines are widely used as detergents. Aromatic amines e.g. aniline and its derivatives, are used for the production of dyes, drugs and photographic developers. 1,4-Diaminobenzene is the main ing ...
... intermediates in drug synthesis. The quaternary ammonium salts derived from long chain aliphatic tertiary amines are widely used as detergents. Aromatic amines e.g. aniline and its derivatives, are used for the production of dyes, drugs and photographic developers. 1,4-Diaminobenzene is the main ing ...
New standardized approach to arc flash protection
... have been enhancing products by adding more intelligence. Operation times of dual sensing systems have been reduced to as low as 1-2ms, from arc detection to trip contact closure. Modern arc detection and protection systems contain full self-supervision capabilities in order to provide highest level ...
... have been enhancing products by adding more intelligence. Operation times of dual sensing systems have been reduced to as low as 1-2ms, from arc detection to trip contact closure. Modern arc detection and protection systems contain full self-supervision capabilities in order to provide highest level ...
Syllabus - Chemistry
... (radiative) and photo-chemical processes. Photochemical processes: primary, secondary, adiabatic & non- adiabatic. Properties of thexi states; Determination of dipole moments & acidity constants of excited state molecules. Photosubstitution and photo reduction of Co (III) complexes.Photosubstitution ...
... (radiative) and photo-chemical processes. Photochemical processes: primary, secondary, adiabatic & non- adiabatic. Properties of thexi states; Determination of dipole moments & acidity constants of excited state molecules. Photosubstitution and photo reduction of Co (III) complexes.Photosubstitution ...
Neutral ionic liquid [BMIm]BF4 promoted highly selective
... of tert-butanol by acetic anhydride using mesoporous Si-MCM41, clay and alumina supported metal Lewis acid, such as InCl3 and GaCl3 , as catalyst [9–11]. However, these metal species are toxic or expensive. Hence, there is a need to develop an environmentally benign method for the esterification of ...
... of tert-butanol by acetic anhydride using mesoporous Si-MCM41, clay and alumina supported metal Lewis acid, such as InCl3 and GaCl3 , as catalyst [9–11]. However, these metal species are toxic or expensive. Hence, there is a need to develop an environmentally benign method for the esterification of ...
pitfall prevention
... another theory was proposed—one that argued that light might be some sort of wave motion. In 1678, the Dutch physicist and astronomer Christian Huygens showed that a wave theory of light could also explain reflection and refraction. In 1801, Thomas Young (1773–1829) provided the first clear demonstr ...
... another theory was proposed—one that argued that light might be some sort of wave motion. In 1678, the Dutch physicist and astronomer Christian Huygens showed that a wave theory of light could also explain reflection and refraction. In 1801, Thomas Young (1773–1829) provided the first clear demonstr ...
Photopolymer
A photopolymer is a polymer that changes its properties when exposed to light, often in the ultraviolet or visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. These changes are often manifested structurally, for example hardening of the material occurs as a result of cross-linking when exposed to light. An example is shown below depicting a mixture of monomers, oligomers, and photoinitiators that conform into a hardened polymeric material through a process called curing,.A wide variety of technologically useful applications rely on photopolymers, for example some enamels and varnishes depend on photopolymer formulation for proper hardening upon exposure to light. In some instances, an enamel can cure in a fraction of a second when exposed to light, as opposed to thermally cured enamels which can require half an hour or longer. Curable materials are widely used for medical, printing, and photoresist technologies. Changes in structural and chemical properties can be induced internally by chromophores that the polymer subunit already possesses, or externally by addition of photosensitive molecules. Typically a photopolymer consists of a mixture of multifunctional monomers and oligomers in order to achieve the desired physical properties, and therefore a wide variety of monomers and oligomers have been developed that can polymerize in the presence of light either through internal or external initiation. Photopolymers undergo a process called curing, where oligomers are cross-linked upon exposure to light, forming what is known as a network polymer. The result of photo curing is the formation of a thermoset network of polymers. One of the advantages of photo-curing is that it can be done selectively using high energy light sources, for example lasers, however, most systems are not readily activated by light, and in this case a photoinitiator is required. Photoinitiators are compounds that upon radiation of light decompose into reactive species that activate polymerization of specific functional groups on the oligomers. An example of a mixture that undergoes cross-linking when exposed to light is shown below. The mixture consists of monomeric styrene and oligomeric acrylates.Most commonly, photopolymerized systems are typically cured through UV radiation, since ultraviolet light is more energetic; however, the development of dye-based photoinitiator systems have allowed for the use of visible light, having potential advantages of processes that are more simple and safe to handle. UV curing in industrial processes has greatly expanded over the past several decades. Many traditional thermally cured and solvent-based technologies can be replaced by photopolymerization technologies. The advantages of photopolymerization over thermally cured polymerization include high rates of polymerization and environmental benefits from elimination of volatile organic solvents.There are two general routes for photoinitiation: free radical and ionic. The general process involves doping a batch of neat polymer with small amounts of photoinitiator, followed by selective radiation of light, resulting a highly cross-linked product. Many of these reactions do not require solvent which eliminates termination path via reaction of initiators with solvent and impurities, in addition to decreasing the overall cost.