OVERVIEW
... Activation of the Molecular Target However, practitioners found two drugs that have equal affinities (binding) for a specific target but have different efficacies (degree of response) , why? This observation suggests that other factors, in addition to affinity and receptor occupancy, determine the s ...
... Activation of the Molecular Target However, practitioners found two drugs that have equal affinities (binding) for a specific target but have different efficacies (degree of response) , why? This observation suggests that other factors, in addition to affinity and receptor occupancy, determine the s ...
Bontril - MedConnections
... tolerance have been demonstrated with all drugs of this class in which these phenomena have been looked for. Drugs of this class used in obesity are commonly known as “anorectics” or “anorexigenics”. It has not been established, however, that the action of such drugs in treating obesity is primarily ...
... tolerance have been demonstrated with all drugs of this class in which these phenomena have been looked for. Drugs of this class used in obesity are commonly known as “anorectics” or “anorexigenics”. It has not been established, however, that the action of such drugs in treating obesity is primarily ...
出國類別：進修 - 公務出國報告資訊網
... efficacy in a less confounded base. Through the process of randomization, RCTs can eliminate spurious causality and lessen further bias (Rosenberger and Lachin 2002). Also, RCT could enhance the power of evidence and make conclusion more solid. Considering the treatment effectiveness of injectable d ...
... efficacy in a less confounded base. Through the process of randomization, RCTs can eliminate spurious causality and lessen further bias (Rosenberger and Lachin 2002). Also, RCT could enhance the power of evidence and make conclusion more solid. Considering the treatment effectiveness of injectable d ...
Effect of Excipients on Oxcarbazepine Release from Modified
... with the F3 containing HPC JF as release retardant material, no gel layer was formed but the tablets were slowly and completely eroded at the end of 12h. A good gel layer was observed with the F1 and F2 and the more swelling was observed with the F2 containing HPMC LVCR 100 and is because of low vis ...
... with the F3 containing HPC JF as release retardant material, no gel layer was formed but the tablets were slowly and completely eroded at the end of 12h. A good gel layer was observed with the F1 and F2 and the more swelling was observed with the F2 containing HPMC LVCR 100 and is because of low vis ...
3.7 Optical isomerism
... • Anti - inflammatory. It works by blocking the pain messages to the brain: ...
... • Anti - inflammatory. It works by blocking the pain messages to the brain: ...
hepatic impairment studies in early development services
... for the product. If more than one route of administration is proposed, then the route that provides maximum information regarding the impact of hepatic impairment on the drug’s elimination should be used. A single-dose study is suggested in all cases where multiple-dose PK can be accurately predicte ...
... for the product. If more than one route of administration is proposed, then the route that provides maximum information regarding the impact of hepatic impairment on the drug’s elimination should be used. A single-dose study is suggested in all cases where multiple-dose PK can be accurately predicte ...
Cellular pH Gradient in Tumor versus Normal Tissue: Potential
... the electrode-measured pH values in human tumors are on average approxi mately 0.4 units lower than those observed in normal subcutaneous and muscle tissues. However, substantial heterogeneity and overlap in the reported pH values of these tissues is apparent (1. 17, 18). Of special relevance to the ...
... the electrode-measured pH values in human tumors are on average approxi mately 0.4 units lower than those observed in normal subcutaneous and muscle tissues. However, substantial heterogeneity and overlap in the reported pH values of these tissues is apparent (1. 17, 18). Of special relevance to the ...
1 Final Examination – Pulmonary Pathology, Pharmacology, and
... and you cannot convince him not to go into pulmonary and critical care medicine. He is interested in hyperbaric therapy. He asks you to help him determine, very roughly, how many atmospheres of pressure would be required, using normal air without added oxygen, just to deliver the normal 250 ml of ox ...
... and you cannot convince him not to go into pulmonary and critical care medicine. He is interested in hyperbaric therapy. He asks you to help him determine, very roughly, how many atmospheres of pressure would be required, using normal air without added oxygen, just to deliver the normal 250 ml of ox ...
Pulmonary Pathology, Pharmacology, and Pathophysiology
... and you cannot convince him not to go into pulmonary and critical care medicine. He is interested in hyperbaric therapy. He asks you to help him determine, very roughly, how many atmospheres of pressure would be required, using normal air without added oxygen, just to deliver the normal 250 ml of ox ...
... and you cannot convince him not to go into pulmonary and critical care medicine. He is interested in hyperbaric therapy. He asks you to help him determine, very roughly, how many atmospheres of pressure would be required, using normal air without added oxygen, just to deliver the normal 250 ml of ox ...
Synthetic therapeutic peptides: science and market
... pseudo-peptides (modification of the peptide bond) and peptidomimetics (nonpeptide molecules) preserving the biological properties of peptides have been and are widely developed to increase their resistance to degradation and elimination, their bioavailability and their selectivity (targeting of pro ...
... pseudo-peptides (modification of the peptide bond) and peptidomimetics (nonpeptide molecules) preserving the biological properties of peptides have been and are widely developed to increase their resistance to degradation and elimination, their bioavailability and their selectivity (targeting of pro ...
Phase 3 CAP - EurAsia Medical Writers
... - If of child bearing potential, the subject must have had a negative pregnancy test and have used a very effective method of birth control throughout the study • Subject must have been a suitable candidate for oral therapy and able to swallow tablets intact Key Exclusion Criteria • A prior hospital ...
... - If of child bearing potential, the subject must have had a negative pregnancy test and have used a very effective method of birth control throughout the study • Subject must have been a suitable candidate for oral therapy and able to swallow tablets intact Key Exclusion Criteria • A prior hospital ...
What Is Addiction?
... sites, and the Internet can all be addictive. • An estimated 1 in 8 Internet users will likely experience Internet addiction. • Symptoms include general disregard for one's health, sleep deprivation, neglecting family and friends, lack of physical activity, euphoria when online, lower grades in sc ...
... sites, and the Internet can all be addictive. • An estimated 1 in 8 Internet users will likely experience Internet addiction. • Symptoms include general disregard for one's health, sleep deprivation, neglecting family and friends, lack of physical activity, euphoria when online, lower grades in sc ...
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSRJPBS)
... Chromatographic conditions were optimized to get best resolution and peak. The selection of mobile phase was done based on the peak parameters, (symmetry, theoretical plates and capacity factor) ease of preparation and cost. Symmetrical peaks with good separation (retention time montelukast 3.08min) ...
... Chromatographic conditions were optimized to get best resolution and peak. The selection of mobile phase was done based on the peak parameters, (symmetry, theoretical plates and capacity factor) ease of preparation and cost. Symmetrical peaks with good separation (retention time montelukast 3.08min) ...
and 7-hydroxymethotrexate
... The elevation in metabolite plasma concentration cannot be only attributed to the increase in metabolic clearance of MTX, but also to the decrease in the total body clearance of the metabolite. The total body clearance of the major metabolite 7-OHMTX in the PIP-treated rabbits significantly decreas ...
... The elevation in metabolite plasma concentration cannot be only attributed to the increase in metabolic clearance of MTX, but also to the decrease in the total body clearance of the metabolite. The total body clearance of the major metabolite 7-OHMTX in the PIP-treated rabbits significantly decreas ...
Opioids OD fact sheet
... or to pure antagonists Cross tolerance: occurs, esp with μ-agonists; not only to analgesic properties; can be partial/incomplete Symptoms: Characteristic withdrawal syndrome (not life threatening if natural): Within hr, peaks at 36-72hrs: anxiety, yawning, craving, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, diaphore ...
... or to pure antagonists Cross tolerance: occurs, esp with μ-agonists; not only to analgesic properties; can be partial/incomplete Symptoms: Characteristic withdrawal syndrome (not life threatening if natural): Within hr, peaks at 36-72hrs: anxiety, yawning, craving, lacrimation, rhinorrhoea, diaphore ...
Memorandum of Meeting Minutes Meeting Date: February 15,2002
... outside the U.S. The marketplace data should be provided in the applicant’s submission to the Agency. This data, in conjunction with the demonstration of bioequivalence, may be adequate to establish phenylephrine bitartrate as GRASE. ...
... outside the U.S. The marketplace data should be provided in the applicant’s submission to the Agency. This data, in conjunction with the demonstration of bioequivalence, may be adequate to establish phenylephrine bitartrate as GRASE. ...
Ursodex - The IBN SINA Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd.
... Ursodex-150 : Each film-coated tablet contains Ursodeoxycholic Acid BP 150 mg. Ursodex-300 : Each film-coated tablet contains Ursodeoxycholic Acid BP 300 mg. Description: Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodex) reduces elevated liver enzyme levels by facilitating bile flow through the liver and protecting li ...
... Ursodex-150 : Each film-coated tablet contains Ursodeoxycholic Acid BP 150 mg. Ursodex-300 : Each film-coated tablet contains Ursodeoxycholic Acid BP 300 mg. Description: Ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursodex) reduces elevated liver enzyme levels by facilitating bile flow through the liver and protecting li ...
09107sgp05
... Pfizer's Sandwich, Kent, research facility in England. It was initially studied for use in hypertension (high blood pressure) and angina pectoris (a symptom of ischaemic heart disease). The first clinical trials were conducted in Morriston Hospital in Swansea. Phase I clinical trials under the direc ...
... Pfizer's Sandwich, Kent, research facility in England. It was initially studied for use in hypertension (high blood pressure) and angina pectoris (a symptom of ischaemic heart disease). The first clinical trials were conducted in Morriston Hospital in Swansea. Phase I clinical trials under the direc ...
FLOMETRIL Injectable solution
... By order of SAG, this product should not be marketed or administered to animals in the XII region of the country. CONSERVATION ...
... By order of SAG, this product should not be marketed or administered to animals in the XII region of the country. CONSERVATION ...
An Example Case Study
... possession, and distribution of certain drugs are regulated by the federal government of the United States. The Act also served as the national implementing legislation for the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The legislation created five Schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications ...
... possession, and distribution of certain drugs are regulated by the federal government of the United States. The Act also served as the national implementing legislation for the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. The legislation created five Schedules (classifications), with varying qualifications ...
Print - Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
... extract of Artemisia annua L. had a significant inhibitory effect on Plasmodium falciparum in both the Camp strain (chloroquine-sensitive) and the Smith strain (chloroquine-resistant). Toxicology studies proved that not only had the ethanol extract no major liabilities in animals, but a clinical tri ...
... extract of Artemisia annua L. had a significant inhibitory effect on Plasmodium falciparum in both the Camp strain (chloroquine-sensitive) and the Smith strain (chloroquine-resistant). Toxicology studies proved that not only had the ethanol extract no major liabilities in animals, but a clinical tri ...
E: Psychoactive Drugs Other than Narcotics and Stimulants
... Cannabis and Inhalants (Toxic Vapors) Substances made from the cannabis plant (including marijuana and hashish) and inhalants have been grouped into a category of their own because they do not readily fit into any of the other drug categories. The main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is THC (de ...
... Cannabis and Inhalants (Toxic Vapors) Substances made from the cannabis plant (including marijuana and hashish) and inhalants have been grouped into a category of their own because they do not readily fit into any of the other drug categories. The main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is THC (de ...
Guidelines for the Management of Adverse Drug
... a. begin with drugs that are least likely to cause diarrhea b. consider crushing pills/capsules and administering as outlined in Appendix 4, page 52 c. if the patient was receiving a twice or thrice weekly regimen when the diarrhea began, consider switching to a 5x/week regimen 4. If diarrhea recurs ...
... a. begin with drugs that are least likely to cause diarrhea b. consider crushing pills/capsules and administering as outlined in Appendix 4, page 52 c. if the patient was receiving a twice or thrice weekly regimen when the diarrhea began, consider switching to a 5x/week regimen 4. If diarrhea recurs ...
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.