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Extrapyramidal motor side-effects of first
Extrapyramidal motor side-effects of first

... outcome at 12 weeks and 52 weeks, as this is the condition that the adjuncts are most commonly used to prevent or treat. Comparisons were made between subgroups (a), (b) and (c). Statistical power was constrained in this, as in any secondary analysis where the risks of type 1 and 2 errors need atten ...
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ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF SYMPLOCOS RACEMOSA

... RECEIVED ON 19-07-2011 ...
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... the multivariate model, irrespective of their statistical significance. Predefined interactions (with sex, age, heart-, liver-, and kidneyfunction) were only tested on univariately significant variables and included in the final model if their p-value was b 0.05. In order to detect non-linear effects an ...
neobiocon and abraxis bioscience launch abraxane in the uae for
neobiocon and abraxis bioscience launch abraxane in the uae for

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Structure-based drug design meets the ribosome
Structure-based drug design meets the ribosome

... inhibitors Celebrex and Vioxx [31]. While there are many variations on the themes, the most popular structure-based approaches are docking [32,33] and grow-search-score methods [30,34]. Both approaches have been used by RNA-focused companies; the results will be described later in this article. Dock ...
Myfortic - Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation
Myfortic - Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation

... other immunosuppressive agents. The mechanism for MPA derivatives induced PRCA is unknown; the relative contribution of other immunosuppressants and their combinations in an immunosuppressive regimen is also unknown. In some cases PRCA was found to be reversible with dose reduction or cessation of t ...
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Pharmacokinetics



Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.
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