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IFU - Beckman Coulter
IFU - Beckman Coulter

... BARB reagent, in conjunction with UniCel® DxC 600/800 System(s) and SYNCHRON® Systems Drugs of Abuse Testing (DAT) Urine Calibrators, is intended for the qualitative determination of barbit- urates in human urine at a cutoff value of 200 ng/mL. The BARB assay provides a rapid screening procedure for ...
calibration - Beckman Coulter
calibration - Beckman Coulter

... Abuse Testing (DAT) Urine Calibrators, is intended for the qualitative determination of barbiturates in human urine at a cutoff value of 200 ng/mL. The BARB assay provides a rapid screening procedure for determining the presence of barbiturates (BARB) and its metabolites in urine. This test provides ...
View SPC - Veterinary Medicines Directorate
View SPC - Veterinary Medicines Directorate

... Dichlorophen is an anthelmintic used in the treatment of infection by tapeworms in dogs and cats. It is given orally in tablet form for the treatment of Taeniasis and Dipylidiasis infections. The mode of action is believed to act like salicylanilides by interfering with oxidative phosphorylation. Af ...
Companion Diagnostics: Development, Regulation
Companion Diagnostics: Development, Regulation

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Bulletin #106
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clinical course and cellular pathology of tardive dyskinesia
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Clinical Pharmacokinetics Pharmacy Handbook
Clinical Pharmacokinetics Pharmacy Handbook

... pharmacokinetics service, it is timely and essential for the Pharmaceutical Services Division, Ministry of Health to develop and publish this handbook. This Clinical Pharmacokinetics Pharmacy Handbook serves as a guide for the pharmacists involved in this service to ensure the standardisation of cli ...
roxithromycin - ResearchGate
roxithromycin - ResearchGate

...  B. DOSING INFORMATION: Adults: Usual oral doses are 150 mg twice a day or 300 mg once daily for 10 days. Children: Usual doses are 2.5 to 5 mg/kg every 12 hours for 10 days.  C. PHARMACOKINETICS: Roxithromycin is rapidly absorbed; peak serum levels occur 2 hours after administration. Penetrates w ...
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Neural and psychological mechanisms underlying compulsive drug
Neural and psychological mechanisms underlying compulsive drug

... the study of addicted individuals and their siblings, also in humans, leading to the identification of endophenotypes relevant to drug addiction and related neuropsychiatric disorders (Ersche et al., 2010). Despite this very considerable body of knowledge, there has been disappointingly little progre ...
Sedation, Analgesia and Paralysis in ICU
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... • Current therapeutic approaches all have potential adverse side effects • Agitated patients are often hypertensive, increase stress hormones, and require more intensive nursing care ...
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... Pediatric patients, which include both infants and children, require special dosing that is adjusted for their body weight. A number of formulas have been used throughout the years to determine the best dose for pediatric patients, but the most commonly used method is stated as mg/kg of body weight. ...
Interim Analysis in Clinical Trials
Interim Analysis in Clinical Trials

... we increase chance of errors. if interim results are conveyed to investigators, a bias may be introduced in general, we look for strong evidence in one ...
innovative self-injection solutions
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Utilizing Chick Embryo in Ovo Model System to Study the Effects of
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... solids with water, although the concepts are applicable to other liquids, especially polar liquids. Wetting ability is critical in the granulation process as well as subsequent dosage form dissolution. ...
Redalyc.Anticipatory conditioned responses to subjective and
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... that the result of the chemical stimulation occasioned by different drugs may depend not only on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors but also on the experience of using these substances in specific contexts, where Pavlovian conditioning factors may be in effect. Along general lines, behavior ...
Local Anaesthetic Agents In Clinical Use
Local Anaesthetic Agents In Clinical Use

... The topical anesthetics benzocaine and lidocaine base (not the HCl form used by injection) are insoluble in water. However, they are soluble in alcohol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and other vehicles suitable for surface application. The base forms of benzocaine and lidocaine are slowly a ...
International Journal of Pharmacy
International Journal of Pharmacy

... spectral bandwidth of 2 nm, wavelength accuracy ± 0.5 nm and a pair of 1 cm matched quartz cells was used to measure absorbance of solution. The method is based upon determination of OLME at 256.5 nm and METO at 222.0 nm. Preparation of standard solutions: Standard stock solution of OLME and METO we ...
english, pdf
english, pdf

... The principle of the lyophilization technique is drying carried out at low temperature under conditions involving removal of water by sublimation (28). In this technique, the material is initially frozen below –18 °C and then reducing the pressure of the system and giving the necessary heat allows t ...
Narcotics and the Anesthetist: Professional Hazards
Narcotics and the Anesthetist: Professional Hazards

... are permitted to decide to maintain an addict on narcotics if it has been shown that the addict can lead a useful and productive life with the drug ...
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Pharmacokinetics



Pharmacokinetics, sometimes abbreviated as PK (from Ancient Greek pharmakon ""drug"" and kinetikos ""moving, putting in motion""; see chemical kinetics), is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered externally to a living organism. The substances of interest include pharmaceutical agents, hormones, nutrients, and toxins. It attempts to discover the fate of a drug from the moment that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects a specific drug after administration through the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, as well as the chemical changes of the substance in the body (e.g. by metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 or glucuronosyltransferase enzymes), and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs may be affected by elements such as the site of administration and the dose of administered drug. These may affect the absorption rate. Pharmacokinetics is often studied in conjunction with pharmacodynamics, the study of a drug's pharmacological effect on the body.A number of different models have been developed in order to simplify conceptualization of the many processes that take place in the interaction between an organism and a drug. One of these models, the multi-compartment model, gives the best approximation to reality; however, the complexity involved in using this type of model means that monocompartmental models and above all two compartmental models are the most-frequently used. The various compartments that the model is divided into are commonly referred to as the ADME scheme (also referred to as LADME if liberation is included as a separate step from absorption): Liberation - the process of release of a drug from the pharmaceutical formulation. See also IVIVC. Absorption - the process of a substance entering the blood circulation. Distribution - the dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body. Metabolization (or biotransformation, or inactivation) – the recognition by the organism that a foreign substance is present and the irreversible transformation of parent compounds into daughter metabolites. Excretion - the removal of the substances from the body. In rare cases, some drugs irreversibly accumulate in body tissue.The two phases of metabolism and excretion can also be grouped together under the title elimination.The study of these distinct phases involves the use and manipulation of basic concepts in order to understand the process dynamics. For this reason in order to fully comprehend the kinetics of a drug it is necessary to have detailed knowledge of a number of factors such as: the properties of the substances that act as excipients, the characteristics of the appropriate biological membranes and the way that substances can cross them, or the characteristics of the enzyme reactions that inactivate the drug.All these concepts can be represented through mathematical formulas that have a corresponding graphical representation. The use of these models allows an understanding of the characteristics of a molecule, as well as how a particular drug will behave given information regarding some of its basic characteristics. Such as its acid dissociation constant (pKa), bioavailability and solubility, absorption capacity and distribution in the organism.The model outputs for a drug can be used in industry (for example, in calculating bioequivalence when designing generic drugs) or in the clinical application of pharmacokinetic concepts. Clinical pharmacokinetics provides many performance guidelines for effective and efficient use of drugs for human-health professionals and in veterinary medicine.
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