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Name due date ______ period ______

How Far is far ?
How Far is far ?

... Yet another method results from the fact that as we look out farther, we look back in time : light takes billions of years to reach us from the edges of the universe. Since clusters of galaxies were denser and hotter in the early universe, the farther away a galaxy cluster is, the hotter it should ...
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... forces acting on an object do not equal zero. 29. Suppose you were on in-line skates and you toss a backpack full of heavy books toward your friend. What do you think will happen to you? Explain your answer in terms of Newton’s third law of motion. This will cause me to move in the opposite directio ...
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... A Review of Newton’s Laws of Motion Newton’s First Law: An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Newton’s Second Law: The acceleration of an object depends on the mass of the object a ...
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Lecture Outline - Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

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NEWTON`S LAWS OF MOTION

... • . A gun recoils when it is fired. The recoil is the result of action-reaction force pairs. As the gases from the gunpowder explosion expand, the gun pushes the bullet forwards and the bullet pushes the gun backwards. The acceleration of the recoiling gun is ... A-greater than the acceleration of ...
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... specific questions will not be used this semester. Math questions like those at the end may appear on all exams. Sample Questions for Exam 1: 1. One light year can be defined as a) a year that contains fewer calories than most b) the time required by light to travel to the nearest star beside the Su ...
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Modified Newtonian dynamics



In physics, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Created in 1983 by Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom, the theory's original motivation was to explain the fact that the velocities of stars in galaxies were observed to be larger than expected based on Newtonian mechanics. Milgrom noted that this discrepancy could be resolved if the gravitational force experienced by a star in the outer regions of a galaxy was proportional to the square of its centripetal acceleration (as opposed to the centripetal acceleration itself, as in Newton's Second Law), or alternatively if gravitational force came to vary inversely with radius (as opposed to the inverse square of the radius, as in Newton's Law of Gravity). In MOND, violation of Newton's Laws occurs at extremely small accelerations, characteristic of galaxies yet far below anything typically encountered in the Solar System or on Earth.MOND is an example of a class of theories known as modified gravity, and is an alternative to the hypothesis that the dynamics of galaxies are determined by massive, invisible dark matter halos. Since Milgrom's original proposal, MOND has successfully predicted a variety of galactic phenomena that are difficult to understand from a dark matter perspective. However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the theory.
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