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Wednesday, Mar. 2, 2011
Wednesday, Mar. 2, 2011

... • Please be sure to explain as much as possible • Just the answers in free response problems are not accepted. ...
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NEWTON`s FIRST LAW

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... wouldn’t have had so much trouble describing the motion of the planets, but that insight didn’t appear until three decades after the trial of Galileo. Isaac Newton started from the work of Galileo, and devised a way to explain motion and gravity that allowed astronomers to understand orbits and tide ...
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... 1. Newton's Second Law tells us how to calculate the acceleration if we know the force and the mass. F=ma We are interested in determining the acceleration, so we divide both sides of the equation by m to get F/m=a a = (20 N) / (5 kg) ...
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Lec. 31 notes

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Section 14.4 Motion in Space: Velocity and Acceleration

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Modified Newtonian dynamics



In physics, modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Created in 1983 by Israeli physicist Mordehai Milgrom, the theory's original motivation was to explain the fact that the velocities of stars in galaxies were observed to be larger than expected based on Newtonian mechanics. Milgrom noted that this discrepancy could be resolved if the gravitational force experienced by a star in the outer regions of a galaxy was proportional to the square of its centripetal acceleration (as opposed to the centripetal acceleration itself, as in Newton's Second Law), or alternatively if gravitational force came to vary inversely with radius (as opposed to the inverse square of the radius, as in Newton's Law of Gravity). In MOND, violation of Newton's Laws occurs at extremely small accelerations, characteristic of galaxies yet far below anything typically encountered in the Solar System or on Earth.MOND is an example of a class of theories known as modified gravity, and is an alternative to the hypothesis that the dynamics of galaxies are determined by massive, invisible dark matter halos. Since Milgrom's original proposal, MOND has successfully predicted a variety of galactic phenomena that are difficult to understand from a dark matter perspective. However, MOND and its generalisations do not adequately account for observed properties of galaxy clusters, and no satisfactory cosmological model has been constructed from the theory.
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