Crustal Deformation
... How Geologists Use These Clues • We can mentally fill out the sketch to get an idea of the shape of the fold. • Note that we still have no idea how big the fold is, only what kind it is. 3. Small structures provide clues to much larger structures ...
... How Geologists Use These Clues • We can mentally fill out the sketch to get an idea of the shape of the fold. • Note that we still have no idea how big the fold is, only what kind it is. 3. Small structures provide clues to much larger structures ...
Calvin Pinson
... The causes of earthquakes are the vibrations from rocks breaking after exceeding their elastic limit. The forces that cause this are heat from the earth’s core and some radioactive decay in the mantle. This causes the plates of earth’s crust to move causing three forces to occur at their boundaries: ...
... The causes of earthquakes are the vibrations from rocks breaking after exceeding their elastic limit. The forces that cause this are heat from the earth’s core and some radioactive decay in the mantle. This causes the plates of earth’s crust to move causing three forces to occur at their boundaries: ...
PDF format - Princeton University Press
... other, colliding with other plates, or grinding past one another laterally. Plates spread apart along oceanic ridges, where molten rock, or magma, from the asthenosphere rises through the resulting fractures to create new crust on the bottom of the ocean. Oceanic crust is more dense, thus heavier, t ...
... other, colliding with other plates, or grinding past one another laterally. Plates spread apart along oceanic ridges, where molten rock, or magma, from the asthenosphere rises through the resulting fractures to create new crust on the bottom of the ocean. Oceanic crust is more dense, thus heavier, t ...
Presentation - WAIS Workshop
... • experimentally derived formulas for the temperature derivative of shear velocity (here we use Karato, 2008) • experimentally derived relationships for the temperature dependence of ...
... • experimentally derived formulas for the temperature derivative of shear velocity (here we use Karato, 2008) • experimentally derived relationships for the temperature dependence of ...
Unit 1 Vocab Review
... found on the thin outer layer, they are made of rock. These interlocking pieces are like a large jigsaw puzzle that are irregularly shaped and as they move, they get caught and release from each other, causing earthquakes. ...
... found on the thin outer layer, they are made of rock. These interlocking pieces are like a large jigsaw puzzle that are irregularly shaped and as they move, they get caught and release from each other, causing earthquakes. ...
PRIMARY MAGMAS AT MID-OCEAN RIDGES, `HOT
... Ocean Ridge setting. The comparison of magma and phenocryst compositions between MOR and Hawaiian primitive basalts is a way of testing for evidence for such temperature contrasts, argued in some models to be of the order of 200oC. The composition of olivine phenocrysts in Hawaiian picrites and in ...
... Ocean Ridge setting. The comparison of magma and phenocryst compositions between MOR and Hawaiian primitive basalts is a way of testing for evidence for such temperature contrasts, argued in some models to be of the order of 200oC. The composition of olivine phenocrysts in Hawaiian picrites and in ...
3rd Qtr Syllabus
... You will begin this lesson by February 13th… in class. Pass the assessment for this goal by Goal: Compare and contrast the components of earth's inner and outer cores Goal: Earlier, in the first quarter, we did experiments to find the density of a mineral. Goal: What do we know about density that ma ...
... You will begin this lesson by February 13th… in class. Pass the assessment for this goal by Goal: Compare and contrast the components of earth's inner and outer cores Goal: Earlier, in the first quarter, we did experiments to find the density of a mineral. Goal: What do we know about density that ma ...
Statistical petrology reveals a link between supercontinents cycle
... magmatism (Chiaradia 2014) to dominant tholeiitic composition between ~300 and ~200 Myr when Pangea was stable. The increase in the continental record of calc-alkaline magmas after ~200 Myr can be linked to the initiation, during Pangea dispersal, of many subduction zones promoting fractional crysta ...
... magmatism (Chiaradia 2014) to dominant tholeiitic composition between ~300 and ~200 Myr when Pangea was stable. The increase in the continental record of calc-alkaline magmas after ~200 Myr can be linked to the initiation, during Pangea dispersal, of many subduction zones promoting fractional crysta ...
Imaging the Gutenberg Seismic Discontinuity beneath the Oceanic
... 660 km discontinuities are from phase changes in the mineral olivine. Other discontinuities like the one found at the mantle-outer core boundary is from the transition of rock to liquid metal. However, there are several discontinuities other than those listed above that do not necessarily have a cle ...
... 660 km discontinuities are from phase changes in the mineral olivine. Other discontinuities like the one found at the mantle-outer core boundary is from the transition of rock to liquid metal. However, there are several discontinuities other than those listed above that do not necessarily have a cle ...
Lecture 11: Comparative Geology of the Terrestrial Planets
... • Crust broken up into plates that move due to mantle convection • Evidence: – Matching coastlines on different continents – Continent motions can be measured with GPS! ...
... • Crust broken up into plates that move due to mantle convection • Evidence: – Matching coastlines on different continents – Continent motions can be measured with GPS! ...
Scholarly Interest Report
... David L. Andrews, Richard G. Gordon and Benjamin C. Horner-Johnson "Uncertainties in plate reconstructions relative to the hotspots; Pacific-hotspot rotations and uncertainties for the past 68 million years." Geophysical Journal International, 166 (2006) : 939-951. Jean-Yves Royer, Richard G. Gordon ...
... David L. Andrews, Richard G. Gordon and Benjamin C. Horner-Johnson "Uncertainties in plate reconstructions relative to the hotspots; Pacific-hotspot rotations and uncertainties for the past 68 million years." Geophysical Journal International, 166 (2006) : 939-951. Jean-Yves Royer, Richard G. Gordon ...
Statistical petrology reveals a link between supercontinents cycle
... magmatism (Chiaradia 2014) to dominant tholeiitic composition between ~300 and ~200 Myr when Pangea was stable. The increase in the continental record of calc-alkaline magmas after ~200 Myr can be linked to the initiation, during Pangea dispersal, of many subduction zones promoting fractional crysta ...
... magmatism (Chiaradia 2014) to dominant tholeiitic composition between ~300 and ~200 Myr when Pangea was stable. The increase in the continental record of calc-alkaline magmas after ~200 Myr can be linked to the initiation, during Pangea dispersal, of many subduction zones promoting fractional crysta ...
Mantle Plumes, Hot Spots and Igneous Rocks
... Hence, some other mechanism is necessary to explain these features. Mantle plumes or hot spots were first hypothesized in 1963 by J. Tuzo Wilson of the University of Toronto to explain linear island chains in the Pacific Ocean. The Hawaiian Island archipelago and the Emperor Seamount chain are proba ...
... Hence, some other mechanism is necessary to explain these features. Mantle plumes or hot spots were first hypothesized in 1963 by J. Tuzo Wilson of the University of Toronto to explain linear island chains in the Pacific Ocean. The Hawaiian Island archipelago and the Emperor Seamount chain are proba ...
5. North Atlantic Tertiary Igneous Province (NATP)
... 5. Igneous material was also injected into the country rocks as dykes. Often they were so numerous as to occur in what are called dyke swarms 6. 55 mya continental rifting over hot spot & ocean-floor spreading started & North Atlantic opened 7. 50 mya a constructive plate margin developed & can now ...
... 5. Igneous material was also injected into the country rocks as dykes. Often they were so numerous as to occur in what are called dyke swarms 6. 55 mya continental rifting over hot spot & ocean-floor spreading started & North Atlantic opened 7. 50 mya a constructive plate margin developed & can now ...
Crustal structure and evolution of the central Australian basins
... Arunta upper crustal rocks vary from 5.1-6.0 km s-t. Ifan aveÍageupper crustal velocity of5.5 km s-r is adopted, then departures from this mean value are about * 0.5 km s-r and for a l0 km path the travel time anomaly is about *0.16 s. Here also, the observed quantity cannot be wholly ...
... Arunta upper crustal rocks vary from 5.1-6.0 km s-t. Ifan aveÍageupper crustal velocity of5.5 km s-r is adopted, then departures from this mean value are about * 0.5 km s-r and for a l0 km path the travel time anomaly is about *0.16 s. Here also, the observed quantity cannot be wholly ...
Deep Mantle Plumes and Geoscience Vision
... chain, which tracks the differential movement between the hotspot and the Pacific plate (e.g., Tarduno and Cothrell, 1997). ...
... chain, which tracks the differential movement between the hotspot and the Pacific plate (e.g., Tarduno and Cothrell, 1997). ...
Chapter 12 Section 1
... collide. • The denser plate moves down, or subducts, into the asthenosphere under the other plate, causing earthquakes. • Convergent oceanic boundaries can occur between two oceanic plates or between one oceanic plate and one continental plate. ...
... collide. • The denser plate moves down, or subducts, into the asthenosphere under the other plate, causing earthquakes. • Convergent oceanic boundaries can occur between two oceanic plates or between one oceanic plate and one continental plate. ...
The Oceans and Atmosphere
... Located primarily around the Pacific Ocean Accumulations of deformed sediment and scraps of ocean crust form accretionary wedges ...
... Located primarily around the Pacific Ocean Accumulations of deformed sediment and scraps of ocean crust form accretionary wedges ...
How we found about EARTHQUAKES Isaac Asimov Isaac Asimov is
... One of the scientists who studied the structure of the Earth was an Englishman named John Michell. He had noticed, as others had, that when people dug into the earth, the exposed rocks existed in layers called strata. Sometimes these layers were Bat, but sometimes they were tilted or curved. It was ...
... One of the scientists who studied the structure of the Earth was an Englishman named John Michell. He had noticed, as others had, that when people dug into the earth, the exposed rocks existed in layers called strata. Sometimes these layers were Bat, but sometimes they were tilted or curved. It was ...
essentials-of-oceanography-10th-edition-trujillo-test
... Answer: The terms convergent and divergent refer to the direction of plate movement. Convergent plates are moving toward one another whereas divergent plate boundaries are moving in opposite directions. Constructive and destructive plate margins refer to the fate of the rock at the plate boundary. A ...
... Answer: The terms convergent and divergent refer to the direction of plate movement. Convergent plates are moving toward one another whereas divergent plate boundaries are moving in opposite directions. Constructive and destructive plate margins refer to the fate of the rock at the plate boundary. A ...
Earthquakes and the Interior
... Earthquakes and the Interior Earthquakes are definitely a geologic hazard for people living in earthquake regions, but the seismic waves generated by earthquakes are invaluable for studying the interior of Earth. Earthquake waves indicate several things about Earth’s Interior: 1) Earth appears t ...
... Earthquakes and the Interior Earthquakes are definitely a geologic hazard for people living in earthquake regions, but the seismic waves generated by earthquakes are invaluable for studying the interior of Earth. Earthquake waves indicate several things about Earth’s Interior: 1) Earth appears t ...
Synthesis of Results From the CD-ROM Experiment
... under the Archean (Dueker et al., 2001; Yuan and Dueker, this volume; Levander and Niu, 2004). The most plausible explanation for the north-dipping, high velocity, mantle anomaly is that it is an ancient slab fragment, for example a remnant of the rifted margin of the Wyoming Province (Tyson et al., ...
... under the Archean (Dueker et al., 2001; Yuan and Dueker, this volume; Levander and Niu, 2004). The most plausible explanation for the north-dipping, high velocity, mantle anomaly is that it is an ancient slab fragment, for example a remnant of the rifted margin of the Wyoming Province (Tyson et al., ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.