2.1.1 Introduction
... of the lithosphere. The result of such an analysis is referred to as a focal mechanism solution or fault plane solution. The technique represents a very powerful method of analyzing movements of the lithosphere, in particular those associated with plate tectonics. Information is available on a globa ...
... of the lithosphere. The result of such an analysis is referred to as a focal mechanism solution or fault plane solution. The technique represents a very powerful method of analyzing movements of the lithosphere, in particular those associated with plate tectonics. Information is available on a globa ...
CTY Course Syllabus Dynamic Earth Day 1 Lesson/Lecture Topic
... Skills Obtained forms and types of fossils, How rocks are made from minerals, common chemicals in rocks, correct lab safety, formation and characteristics of different rock types, relationship of component parts to whole rock, how rock ...
... Skills Obtained forms and types of fossils, How rocks are made from minerals, common chemicals in rocks, correct lab safety, formation and characteristics of different rock types, relationship of component parts to whole rock, how rock ...
How can God be Right?
... Pacific is today buckled toward the Atlantic about 25 minutes after the Atlantic floor rose. This formed deep trenches, and sank the continental landmass which produced the Pacific ocean we see today. ...
... Pacific is today buckled toward the Atlantic about 25 minutes after the Atlantic floor rose. This formed deep trenches, and sank the continental landmass which produced the Pacific ocean we see today. ...
The Geological Concept
... individual summit-peaks. There is no specific altitude, but usually taken to be over 600 m (2000 ft.) in Britain, except where eminences rise abruptly from surrounding lowlands, e.g. Conway, M. In such a case, the term Mount is sometimes used...." TheNew Encyclopaedia Britannica defines a mountain a ...
... individual summit-peaks. There is no specific altitude, but usually taken to be over 600 m (2000 ft.) in Britain, except where eminences rise abruptly from surrounding lowlands, e.g. Conway, M. In such a case, the term Mount is sometimes used...." TheNew Encyclopaedia Britannica defines a mountain a ...
True polar wander
... The Earth is not a true sphere, and therefore has three orthogonal axes of inertia. The axis around which the moment of inertia is greatest is closely aligned with the rotation axis (the axis going through the Geographic North and South Poles). The other two axes are near the equator. This is simila ...
... The Earth is not a true sphere, and therefore has three orthogonal axes of inertia. The axis around which the moment of inertia is greatest is closely aligned with the rotation axis (the axis going through the Geographic North and South Poles). The other two axes are near the equator. This is simila ...
SEDANKA_abstract_2004_last
... [email protected], 3Dynamics of the ocean floor, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, [email protected] Kamchatka hosts more than 30 Holocene stratovolcanoes and large number of monogenetic vents. The recent volcanism is restricted to three main zones: the Eastern Volcanic Belt and South Kamchatka, the Centr ...
... [email protected], 3Dynamics of the ocean floor, IFM-GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, [email protected] Kamchatka hosts more than 30 Holocene stratovolcanoes and large number of monogenetic vents. The recent volcanism is restricted to three main zones: the Eastern Volcanic Belt and South Kamchatka, the Centr ...
Power Point view
... • Along the margins of cratons, more continental crust was added as the continents took their present sizes and shapes • Both Archean and Proterozoic rocks are present in cratons and show evidence of episodes of deformation accompanied by ...
... • Along the margins of cratons, more continental crust was added as the continents took their present sizes and shapes • Both Archean and Proterozoic rocks are present in cratons and show evidence of episodes of deformation accompanied by ...
Collision tectonics of the Mediterranean region
... appendage of Africa, with Europe along its irregular margins created the Alps, the Apennines, and the Dinaride-Albanide-Hellenide mountain belt at different times and affected the formation of the Carpathians in the east. The collision of the Arabian promontory with Eurasia ca. 13 Ma facilitated the ...
... appendage of Africa, with Europe along its irregular margins created the Alps, the Apennines, and the Dinaride-Albanide-Hellenide mountain belt at different times and affected the formation of the Carpathians in the east. The collision of the Arabian promontory with Eurasia ca. 13 Ma facilitated the ...
SEDIMENTARY BASINS BASIN TYPES ACCORDING TO
... occupy the area between a mid-oceanic ridge, including its rise, and the outer edge of the transitional crust along a passive continental margin (Fig. f). They commonly accumulate deepsea fan or basin plain sediments. Due to the advanced cooling of the aging oceanic crust, subsidence is usually low, ...
... occupy the area between a mid-oceanic ridge, including its rise, and the outer edge of the transitional crust along a passive continental margin (Fig. f). They commonly accumulate deepsea fan or basin plain sediments. Due to the advanced cooling of the aging oceanic crust, subsidence is usually low, ...
Clutch tectonics and the partial attachment of lithospheric layers
... Mantle anisotropy is commonly coherent with crustal deformation in both active and ancient orogenic zones (e.g. Silver, 1996), suggesting that the anisotropy is acquired during lithospheric deformation. A particularly good example of this phenomenon is the deformation of the continental lithosphere ...
... Mantle anisotropy is commonly coherent with crustal deformation in both active and ancient orogenic zones (e.g. Silver, 1996), suggesting that the anisotropy is acquired during lithospheric deformation. A particularly good example of this phenomenon is the deformation of the continental lithosphere ...
Velocity increase in the uppermost oceanic crust of subducting
... of subduction. We mainly conducted 2D FDM simulations to examine the various possible structure models. The 2D model covered an area of 327.68 × 102.40 km2, in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, discretized by a small grid interval of 0.02 km. The propagation of the seismic waves ...
... of subduction. We mainly conducted 2D FDM simulations to examine the various possible structure models. The 2D model covered an area of 327.68 × 102.40 km2, in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively, discretized by a small grid interval of 0.02 km. The propagation of the seismic waves ...
Teleseismic surface wave tomography in the western US using the
... intermediate periods (<40 s), estimated to approach the inter-station spacing (~70 km) at short periods (16) (Fig. S1). Used in combination, these methods provide Rayleigh wave phase speed maps from 8 to 100 sec period (Fig. 2), a band sensitive to depths from the surface to about 160 km. In the ov ...
... intermediate periods (<40 s), estimated to approach the inter-station spacing (~70 km) at short periods (16) (Fig. S1). Used in combination, these methods provide Rayleigh wave phase speed maps from 8 to 100 sec period (Fig. 2), a band sensitive to depths from the surface to about 160 km. In the ov ...
Dynamic topography and long-term sea-level variations
... subsidence of the overriding lithosphere and the associated infill of water to this area may, at least in part, compensate for the sea-level rise associated with an increase in the spreading rate. There may be important phase lags between the sea-level signal from spreading and subduction rate change ...
... subsidence of the overriding lithosphere and the associated infill of water to this area may, at least in part, compensate for the sea-level rise associated with an increase in the spreading rate. There may be important phase lags between the sea-level signal from spreading and subduction rate change ...
ASIA: hypercollision tectonics
... Holmes (1960) quantified the elevation of Tibet as the isostatic response of a 60 to 75 km thick crust, assuming that the density difference between crust and mantle is 400-500 kg/m3. To explain doubling of the continental crustal thickness compared to that of the undeformed, surrounding areas, Holm ...
... Holmes (1960) quantified the elevation of Tibet as the isostatic response of a 60 to 75 km thick crust, assuming that the density difference between crust and mantle is 400-500 kg/m3. To explain doubling of the continental crustal thickness compared to that of the undeformed, surrounding areas, Holm ...
App 1 - Pre- and Post-Module Tests
... C) The density would remain exactly the same. D) The rock would not have a density at all. 10) The average density of the Earth is 5.5 g/cm3, but the average density of the rocks that make up the crust is 2.5 g/cm3, what makes the average density of the Earth so much higher? 11) Explain how and why ...
... C) The density would remain exactly the same. D) The rock would not have a density at all. 10) The average density of the Earth is 5.5 g/cm3, but the average density of the rocks that make up the crust is 2.5 g/cm3, what makes the average density of the Earth so much higher? 11) Explain how and why ...
First Hour Exam, Spring, 2000
... 12. A magma begins cooling underground, and as it cools, crystals of a mineral (for example, hornblende) begin to form. As time passes, these get bigger in the magma. The magma is pushed out through a volcano to become lava, and then all of it hardens fairly quickly, in a matter of a few days. This ...
... 12. A magma begins cooling underground, and as it cools, crystals of a mineral (for example, hornblende) begin to form. As time passes, these get bigger in the magma. The magma is pushed out through a volcano to become lava, and then all of it hardens fairly quickly, in a matter of a few days. This ...
1 The Growing Earth David de Hilster 1360 Redondo Ave. #301
... time joined. But it is quite unknown to almost all that Asia, Australia and the Americas also were at one time joined. This evidence leads to only one conclusion: 200 million years ago, the earth's continents were all together on a much smaller orb and since then, the earth has been growing signific ...
... time joined. But it is quite unknown to almost all that Asia, Australia and the Americas also were at one time joined. This evidence leads to only one conclusion: 200 million years ago, the earth's continents were all together on a much smaller orb and since then, the earth has been growing signific ...
THERMAL CONVECTION
... The Earth's outer core is inferred to be mostly liquid iron. Convective flow within the outer core not only brings heat to the core-mantle boundary where some of it is transferred into the mantle, but also causes the Earth's magnetic field by motions of the electrically conductive inner core materia ...
... The Earth's outer core is inferred to be mostly liquid iron. Convective flow within the outer core not only brings heat to the core-mantle boundary where some of it is transferred into the mantle, but also causes the Earth's magnetic field by motions of the electrically conductive inner core materia ...
Mantle instability beneath the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California
... Since the crustal ultra-mafic root of the Sierra was likely denser than the mantle, its rapid removal at 3.5 Ma, as a result of a gravitational instability, is the most plausible explanation for its removal. A Rayleigh– Taylor (RT) instability is in general proposed to explain the removal of dense l ...
... Since the crustal ultra-mafic root of the Sierra was likely denser than the mantle, its rapid removal at 3.5 Ma, as a result of a gravitational instability, is the most plausible explanation for its removal. A Rayleigh– Taylor (RT) instability is in general proposed to explain the removal of dense l ...
first quarter syllabus
... LESSON 2: Continents change position over time. LESSON 3: Plates move apart. LESSON 4: Plates converge or scrape past each other. ...
... LESSON 2: Continents change position over time. LESSON 3: Plates move apart. LESSON 4: Plates converge or scrape past each other. ...
Garces and Gee, 2007, Paleomageetic evidence of large footwall
... thus place bounds on the original subsurface geometry of faults. The use of the remanence vector as a measure of tectonic tilting assumes that the magnetization of footwall rocks was acquired prior to deformation and that the remanence vector behaves as a passive marker during subsequent brittle def ...
... thus place bounds on the original subsurface geometry of faults. The use of the remanence vector as a measure of tectonic tilting assumes that the magnetization of footwall rocks was acquired prior to deformation and that the remanence vector behaves as a passive marker during subsequent brittle def ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.