1 Planet Earth
... radioactive waste and toxic chemicals, determining responsible land use for an expanding population, and providing safe, plentiful water supplies. Geology is being called upon to guide civil engineers in planning buildings, highways, dams, harbors, and canals. Geology helps us recognize how devastat ...
... radioactive waste and toxic chemicals, determining responsible land use for an expanding population, and providing safe, plentiful water supplies. Geology is being called upon to guide civil engineers in planning buildings, highways, dams, harbors, and canals. Geology helps us recognize how devastat ...
A source for Icelandic magmas in remelted Iapetus crust
... Picrite magmas interpreted as indicating high source temperatures (Larsen and Pedersen, 2000) are reported from Greenland, Scotland and Baffin Island where they are associated with continental breakup and the opening of the Labrador Sea and the North Atlantic. Higher temperature magmas associated wi ...
... Picrite magmas interpreted as indicating high source temperatures (Larsen and Pedersen, 2000) are reported from Greenland, Scotland and Baffin Island where they are associated with continental breakup and the opening of the Labrador Sea and the North Atlantic. Higher temperature magmas associated wi ...
Evolution of the East African and related orogens, and the assembly
... Orogeny (800–650 Ma; Stern, 1994) represents a distinct series of events within the Pan-African of central Gondwana, responsible for the assembly of greater Gondwana. Collectively, paleomagnetic and age data indicate that another later event at 550 Ma (Kuunga Orogeny) may represent the final suturin ...
... Orogeny (800–650 Ma; Stern, 1994) represents a distinct series of events within the Pan-African of central Gondwana, responsible for the assembly of greater Gondwana. Collectively, paleomagnetic and age data indicate that another later event at 550 Ma (Kuunga Orogeny) may represent the final suturin ...
Geology - Central Washington University Geological Sciences
... Figure 3. Crustal thickness variations across continental margins. Profiles are aligned along hinge zone at crust-mantle interface and normalized according to (H 2 Hmin)/(Hmax 2 Hmin), where H is thickness of crystalline crust and prerift sedimentary rocks and Hmin and Hmax are minimum and maximum t ...
... Figure 3. Crustal thickness variations across continental margins. Profiles are aligned along hinge zone at crust-mantle interface and normalized according to (H 2 Hmin)/(Hmax 2 Hmin), where H is thickness of crystalline crust and prerift sedimentary rocks and Hmin and Hmax are minimum and maximum t ...
ASSIGNMENT 1 - INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY
... 6) Where and how was the evidence collected? 7) Why was the continental drift hypothesis soundly rejected by the scientific community? B) Provide a concise definition of the Plate Tectonic Theory (in about 80 to 90 words or so). 1) The tectonic plates – What part(s) of the solid Earth do they compri ...
... 6) Where and how was the evidence collected? 7) Why was the continental drift hypothesis soundly rejected by the scientific community? B) Provide a concise definition of the Plate Tectonic Theory (in about 80 to 90 words or so). 1) The tectonic plates – What part(s) of the solid Earth do they compri ...
CatWardellThesis - University of Washington
... and the graben extends laterally to form an axial valley. If another intrusion event occurs then the new material contributes to the formation of a new axial volcanic ridge within the existing graben. This process repeats and so forms many ridges and valleys, which, once beyond the zone of intrusion ...
... and the graben extends laterally to form an axial valley. If another intrusion event occurs then the new material contributes to the formation of a new axial volcanic ridge within the existing graben. This process repeats and so forms many ridges and valleys, which, once beyond the zone of intrusion ...
From Lithospheric Thickening and Divergent Collapse to Active
... tensile horizontal stresses that may trigger divergent collapse: The gravity-driven flow that reduces lateral variation of gravitational potential energy. As collapse proceeds, the thickened crust tends to recover its normal thickness and, assuming homogeneous deformation, the lithospheric mantle be ...
... tensile horizontal stresses that may trigger divergent collapse: The gravity-driven flow that reduces lateral variation of gravitational potential energy. As collapse proceeds, the thickened crust tends to recover its normal thickness and, assuming homogeneous deformation, the lithospheric mantle be ...
Midterm 1 study guide
... Generally, what type (composition) of magma is produced at divergent plate boundaries, and what type (composition) of magma is produced at ocean/continent plate boundaries? (sketch needed) How is texture important for determining the cooling history of igneous rocks? (sketch needed) How can you dete ...
... Generally, what type (composition) of magma is produced at divergent plate boundaries, and what type (composition) of magma is produced at ocean/continent plate boundaries? (sketch needed) How is texture important for determining the cooling history of igneous rocks? (sketch needed) How can you dete ...
Constraining P-wave velocity variations in the upper mantle beneath
... Zhang et al., 1984; Li, 1998). The extensional features are usually regarded in the context of the Indian-Eurasian collision (Molnar and Tapponnier, 1975). However, both the collision and the subduction processes, along with their impact on mantle (return) flow beneath the region, must be taken into ...
... Zhang et al., 1984; Li, 1998). The extensional features are usually regarded in the context of the Indian-Eurasian collision (Molnar and Tapponnier, 1975). However, both the collision and the subduction processes, along with their impact on mantle (return) flow beneath the region, must be taken into ...
MOUNTAINS - cravenccgeology
... Most mountain building occurs at convergent plate boundaries, which can involve both oceanic and continental crust. Mountain building occurs at subduction zones (island arcs), collisional ranges (Himalayas), and through accreted terranes, which is when pieces and fragments of crust break off and sut ...
... Most mountain building occurs at convergent plate boundaries, which can involve both oceanic and continental crust. Mountain building occurs at subduction zones (island arcs), collisional ranges (Himalayas), and through accreted terranes, which is when pieces and fragments of crust break off and sut ...
Supplemental Readings on Earthquakes
... Everything! Plate tectonics is a beautiful example of how processes as simple as thermal expansion/contraction, density differences, buoyancy changes and convection can work together to produce a phenomenon as complex as plate tectonics. Sea-Floor Spreading Ridges (Divergent Plate Boundaries) Closel ...
... Everything! Plate tectonics is a beautiful example of how processes as simple as thermal expansion/contraction, density differences, buoyancy changes and convection can work together to produce a phenomenon as complex as plate tectonics. Sea-Floor Spreading Ridges (Divergent Plate Boundaries) Closel ...
Numerical study of the unsteady aerodynamics of freely falling plates
... trajectories as they fall under gravity. In fact, falling leaves and tumbling sheets of paper often reverse their downward direction, momentarily rising against gravity, as they flutter or tumble through the air. It is therefore clear that any satisfactory explanation of this complicated natural ph ...
... trajectories as they fall under gravity. In fact, falling leaves and tumbling sheets of paper often reverse their downward direction, momentarily rising against gravity, as they flutter or tumble through the air. It is therefore clear that any satisfactory explanation of this complicated natural ph ...
Stress-dependent power-law flow in the upper mantle following the
... suggests that motions recorded at stations within 100 km of the rupture surface include contributions from viscoelastic relaxation, afterslip, and poroelastic rebound [17]. The same analysis shows that 70–80% of the observed displacements at stations beyond 100 km (defined here as far-field, Fig. 1) ...
... suggests that motions recorded at stations within 100 km of the rupture surface include contributions from viscoelastic relaxation, afterslip, and poroelastic rebound [17]. The same analysis shows that 70–80% of the observed displacements at stations beyond 100 km (defined here as far-field, Fig. 1) ...
9) Case Study Assessment_Learner
... FIGURE 7: USING GEOLOGICAL DATA FROM US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, LEARNERS CAN MAP RECENT EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY IN GOOGLE ...
... FIGURE 7: USING GEOLOGICAL DATA FROM US GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, LEARNERS CAN MAP RECENT EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY IN GOOGLE ...
Mann et al in prep
... Cocos ridge, where the arc can be traced along strike into the modern CAVF to the northwest and southeast [7–9] (Fig. 8.2). While this area has many advantages for studies of both modern and ancient subduction processes, the regional tectonic development of the CAVA and CAVF is more complex than is ...
... Cocos ridge, where the arc can be traced along strike into the modern CAVF to the northwest and southeast [7–9] (Fig. 8.2). While this area has many advantages for studies of both modern and ancient subduction processes, the regional tectonic development of the CAVA and CAVF is more complex than is ...
Chapter-3 - Huntington Catholic School
... Earth’s crust is called __________. • Types of Folds Depending on how rock layers deform, different types of folds are made. • The major types of folds are ___________, ______________, and ______________. ...
... Earth’s crust is called __________. • Types of Folds Depending on how rock layers deform, different types of folds are made. • The major types of folds are ___________, ______________, and ______________. ...
Capitanio et al. - Wiley Online Library
... destabilizes the convergent margin, forcing migration of the subduction zone, whereas in the upper plate large-scale lateral extrusion, rotations, and back-arc stretching ensue. When external forces are modeled, such as ridge push and far-field forces, indentation increases, with large collisional ma ...
... destabilizes the convergent margin, forcing migration of the subduction zone, whereas in the upper plate large-scale lateral extrusion, rotations, and back-arc stretching ensue. When external forces are modeled, such as ridge push and far-field forces, indentation increases, with large collisional ma ...
Thermal structure of oceanic and continental
... behaves in the same way as the oceanic lithosphere, it should therefore be able to support stresses for geological times and to generate earthquakes. Yet it does neither (Fig. 1). Maggi et al. [11] suggested that the difference in behaviour might be caused by the presence of hydrous minerals, which ...
... behaves in the same way as the oceanic lithosphere, it should therefore be able to support stresses for geological times and to generate earthquakes. Yet it does neither (Fig. 1). Maggi et al. [11] suggested that the difference in behaviour might be caused by the presence of hydrous minerals, which ...
Earth / Environmental Science Ch. 8 – EARTHQUAKES AND
... z Based on the idea that earthquakes are repetitive or cyclic. z A seismic gap is an area along a fault where there has been no earthquake activity for a long time. ...
... z Based on the idea that earthquakes are repetitive or cyclic. z A seismic gap is an area along a fault where there has been no earthquake activity for a long time. ...
Using earthquakes to uncover the Earth`s inner secrets
... people with earthquakes, following a journey from their origin to the monitoring and study of those phenomena. This is important for natural disaster preparedness in a country with a high exposure, like Italy. The public reactions were in general of wonder to know how many earthquakes hit Italy in h ...
... people with earthquakes, following a journey from their origin to the monitoring and study of those phenomena. This is important for natural disaster preparedness in a country with a high exposure, like Italy. The public reactions were in general of wonder to know how many earthquakes hit Italy in h ...
Plate Tectonic Constraints on the Biogeography of Middle America
... 2 Plate motionscan only be describedas motionswithrespectto some frameof reference.There are two general methods. In purelyrelativemotionschemes the motionof a plate is described with respect to an adjacent plate, which for computationalpurposes is assumed to be fixed (see Ladd, 1976). A second appr ...
... 2 Plate motionscan only be describedas motionswithrespectto some frameof reference.There are two general methods. In purelyrelativemotionschemes the motionof a plate is described with respect to an adjacent plate, which for computationalpurposes is assumed to be fixed (see Ladd, 1976). A second appr ...
Chapter 1
... These are also called shear waves, secondary waves, transverse waves, etc. Compared to P waves, these are relatively slow. These are transverse or shear waves, which mean that the ground is displaced perpendicularly to the direction of propagation, Figure 1.16. In nature, these are like light waves, ...
... These are also called shear waves, secondary waves, transverse waves, etc. Compared to P waves, these are relatively slow. These are transverse or shear waves, which mean that the ground is displaced perpendicularly to the direction of propagation, Figure 1.16. In nature, these are like light waves, ...
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Which diagram best represents
... pattern of crustal movement at the Peru-Chile Trench? A) the mineral composition of samples of mafic mantle rock B) comparison of the rates of sediment deposition C) the direction of flow of warm ocean currents D) the locations of shallow-focus and deep-focus ...
... pattern of crustal movement at the Peru-Chile Trench? A) the mineral composition of samples of mafic mantle rock B) comparison of the rates of sediment deposition C) the direction of flow of warm ocean currents D) the locations of shallow-focus and deep-focus ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.