Review questions exam I
... class and why there is such a diversity in silicate mineral structure types. 4. Describe how magma forms at a convergent plate boundary and what types of igneous rocks are likely to be formed (a diagram would be very useful). ...
... class and why there is such a diversity in silicate mineral structure types. 4. Describe how magma forms at a convergent plate boundary and what types of igneous rocks are likely to be formed (a diagram would be very useful). ...
LitMod3D: An interactive 3-D software to model the
... [1] We present an interactive 3-D computer program (LitMod3D) developed to perform combined geophysical-petrological modeling of the lithosphere and sublithospheric upper mantle. In contrast to other available modeling software, LitMod3D is built within an internally consistent thermodynamicgeophysi ...
... [1] We present an interactive 3-D computer program (LitMod3D) developed to perform combined geophysical-petrological modeling of the lithosphere and sublithospheric upper mantle. In contrast to other available modeling software, LitMod3D is built within an internally consistent thermodynamicgeophysi ...
Anisotropic seismic tomography: Potentials and pitfalls
... matter and can strongly affect anisotropic models • In order to resolve anisotropic structure (and other secondary effects like attenuation), we need to figure out the ...
... matter and can strongly affect anisotropic models • In order to resolve anisotropic structure (and other secondary effects like attenuation), we need to figure out the ...
+ Please click here to the package
... and building up the land. Some changes take place in a very short time. Floods can change the course of a river in a few days. Dust storms can carry huge amounts of soil away very rapidly. However, most of the big changes in the earth's surface take thousands of years. At various times, the earth is ...
... and building up the land. Some changes take place in a very short time. Floods can change the course of a river in a few days. Dust storms can carry huge amounts of soil away very rapidly. However, most of the big changes in the earth's surface take thousands of years. At various times, the earth is ...
An Evaluation of Proposed Mechanisms of Slab Flattening in Central
... flat subduction. The general geometry of the subducting slab has been known for some time and is characterized by a horizontal zone bounded on either side by two moderately dipping sections. We systematically evaluate proposed hypotheses for shallow subduction in Mexico based on the spatial and temp ...
... flat subduction. The general geometry of the subducting slab has been known for some time and is characterized by a horizontal zone bounded on either side by two moderately dipping sections. We systematically evaluate proposed hypotheses for shallow subduction in Mexico based on the spatial and temp ...
Revised Tectonic Evolution of the Eastern Indian Ocean
... the Leeuwin and Vincennes Fracture Zones (Leeuwin fit, Figure 2b), Whittaker et al., (2007) align the Naturaliste and Vincennes Fracture Zones (Naturaliste fit, Figure 2a), and Williams et al., (2011) propose a hybrid alignment (Hybrid fit, Figure 2c). The relative position between Australia and Ant ...
... the Leeuwin and Vincennes Fracture Zones (Leeuwin fit, Figure 2b), Whittaker et al., (2007) align the Naturaliste and Vincennes Fracture Zones (Naturaliste fit, Figure 2a), and Williams et al., (2011) propose a hybrid alignment (Hybrid fit, Figure 2c). The relative position between Australia and Ant ...
Pub-2010 - Caltech GPS
... flat subduction. The general geometry of the subducting slab has been known for some time and is characterized by a horizontal zone bounded on either side by two moderately dipping sections. We systematically evaluate proposed hypotheses for shallow subduction in Mexico based on the spatial and temp ...
... flat subduction. The general geometry of the subducting slab has been known for some time and is characterized by a horizontal zone bounded on either side by two moderately dipping sections. We systematically evaluate proposed hypotheses for shallow subduction in Mexico based on the spatial and temp ...
Fountains of the Great Deep
... Continents and oceans ride on top of these plates. Sometimes a continent, such as North America, is on more than one plate. ...
... Continents and oceans ride on top of these plates. Sometimes a continent, such as North America, is on more than one plate. ...
Depleted lithosphere, cold, trapped asthenosphere, and frozen melt
... area are very different from those found in subduction zones with “normal,” steeper slab geometries. The mantle above the horizontal section of the flat slab is characterized by low P-wave velocities, high S-wave velocities, and low Vp / Vs ratios. As the slab begins to transition to a more normal d ...
... area are very different from those found in subduction zones with “normal,” steeper slab geometries. The mantle above the horizontal section of the flat slab is characterized by low P-wave velocities, high S-wave velocities, and low Vp / Vs ratios. As the slab begins to transition to a more normal d ...
Eduard Suess` conception of the Alpine orogeny related to
... data and models have become of fundamental importance for tectonic theories. We review this evolution as well as modern geophysical data closely related to the orogeny of the Eastern Alps. We consider fundamental observations and findings of Suess and relate them to modern geophysical data on the st ...
... data and models have become of fundamental importance for tectonic theories. We review this evolution as well as modern geophysical data closely related to the orogeny of the Eastern Alps. We consider fundamental observations and findings of Suess and relate them to modern geophysical data on the st ...
June 2006 in Valdez, Alaska
... chemical disequilibria in mafic magmas, drawing on examples from the Alps and Antarctica. Mike Dungan lectured on the effect of xenolith melting and assimilation on volcanic rock composition, noting that the effect may be most pronounced during the assimilation of mafic rocks by mafic magma. Geoff C ...
... chemical disequilibria in mafic magmas, drawing on examples from the Alps and Antarctica. Mike Dungan lectured on the effect of xenolith melting and assimilation on volcanic rock composition, noting that the effect may be most pronounced during the assimilation of mafic rocks by mafic magma. Geoff C ...
Three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the northwestern
... once the major plate of the eastern Pacific Ocean, was consumed beneath the North American plate [Atwater and Stock, 1998]. On impact of the East Pacific Rise with North America, what became the southern edge of the descending oceanic plate margin has migrated northward along the San Andreas transfo ...
... once the major plate of the eastern Pacific Ocean, was consumed beneath the North American plate [Atwater and Stock, 1998]. On impact of the East Pacific Rise with North America, what became the southern edge of the descending oceanic plate margin has migrated northward along the San Andreas transfo ...
UExcel® Official Content Guide for Earth Science
... UExcel Exam Resources........................................................................... 1 Excelsior College Bookstore.................................................................. 1 UExcel Practice Exams........................................................................... 1 Open E ...
... UExcel Exam Resources........................................................................... 1 Excelsior College Bookstore.................................................................. 1 UExcel Practice Exams........................................................................... 1 Open E ...
Van Wijk, J.W., W.S. Baldridge, J. van Hunen, S
... of its surrounding regions (BRP and Rio Grande rift [RGR]) is a plausible mechanism for generating the Neogene magmatic pulse, the large variation in seismic anomalies across the CP edge, and the CP bowl-shaped topography. Specifically, an edge-driven convection cell is predicted to develop at the C ...
... of its surrounding regions (BRP and Rio Grande rift [RGR]) is a plausible mechanism for generating the Neogene magmatic pulse, the large variation in seismic anomalies across the CP edge, and the CP bowl-shaped topography. Specifically, an edge-driven convection cell is predicted to develop at the C ...
Modes of faulting at mid-ocean ridges
... Faults are quasi-planar weak zones in the lithosphere, the brittle outer shell of the Earth, where earthquakes and tectonic strain are concentrated. To study how faults form it is logical to look at mid-ocean ridges, where faults are constantly forming. It is also particularly important to understan ...
... Faults are quasi-planar weak zones in the lithosphere, the brittle outer shell of the Earth, where earthquakes and tectonic strain are concentrated. To study how faults form it is logical to look at mid-ocean ridges, where faults are constantly forming. It is also particularly important to understan ...
Dynamic Topography and Long-Term Sea-Level Variations
... overriding lithosphere and the associated infill of water to this area may, at least in part, ...
... overriding lithosphere and the associated infill of water to this area may, at least in part, ...
Rheology of the mantle
... derived a viscosity for the lower mantle of ~ 1 0 2 6 - 1 0 2 7 poises by assuming that the earth's nonhydrostatic bulge is due to the delayed readjustment of the earth's shape to a slowing rate of rotation. This assumption rested on their belief that the bulge was anomalously larger than other depa ...
... derived a viscosity for the lower mantle of ~ 1 0 2 6 - 1 0 2 7 poises by assuming that the earth's nonhydrostatic bulge is due to the delayed readjustment of the earth's shape to a slowing rate of rotation. This assumption rested on their belief that the bulge was anomalously larger than other depa ...
The subduction dichotomy of strong plates and weak
... curvature and with the appropriate radius. Figure 4 shows the radius of curvature calculations for the same model over time. For each of the three methods, the relative size of the resultant radii of curvature changes during the model run. The first movement of the slabs is due to the slabs relaxing ...
... curvature and with the appropriate radius. Figure 4 shows the radius of curvature calculations for the same model over time. For each of the three methods, the relative size of the resultant radii of curvature changes during the model run. The first movement of the slabs is due to the slabs relaxing ...
PDF - Wiley Online Library
... solutions are equally warranted by the observations. They showed that rebound modeling ultimately constrains the viscosity contrast between asthenosphere and lower part of the upper mantle to be proportional to the cube of the asthenospheric thickness. That is, a layered upper mantle model featuring ...
... solutions are equally warranted by the observations. They showed that rebound modeling ultimately constrains the viscosity contrast between asthenosphere and lower part of the upper mantle to be proportional to the cube of the asthenospheric thickness. That is, a layered upper mantle model featuring ...
Geology - Central Washington University Geological Sciences
... Figure 3. Crustal thickness variations across continental margins. Profiles are aligned along hinge zone at crust-mantle interface and normalized according to (H 2 Hmin)/(Hmax 2 Hmin), where H is thickness of crystalline crust and prerift sedimentary rocks and Hmin and Hmax are minimum and maximum t ...
... Figure 3. Crustal thickness variations across continental margins. Profiles are aligned along hinge zone at crust-mantle interface and normalized according to (H 2 Hmin)/(Hmax 2 Hmin), where H is thickness of crystalline crust and prerift sedimentary rocks and Hmin and Hmax are minimum and maximum t ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.