Earth Science Jeopardy
... The thickest layer of the Earth that surrounds the core, and accounts for 67% of the Earth’s ...
... The thickest layer of the Earth that surrounds the core, and accounts for 67% of the Earth’s ...
Australian Journal of Earth Sciences - ePIC
... Tectonic models for the Late Cretaceous/Tertiary evolution of the West Antarctic Rift System range from hundreds of kilometres of extension to negligible strike-slip displacement and are based on a variety of observations, as well as kinematic and geodynamic models. Most data constraining these mode ...
... Tectonic models for the Late Cretaceous/Tertiary evolution of the West Antarctic Rift System range from hundreds of kilometres of extension to negligible strike-slip displacement and are based on a variety of observations, as well as kinematic and geodynamic models. Most data constraining these mode ...
Crustal structure of the French Guiana margin
... Geophysical data from the Amazon Cone Experiment are used to determine the structure and evolution of the French Guiana and Northeast Brazil continental margin, and to better understand the origin and development of along-margin segmentation. A 427-km-long combined multichannel reflection and wide-a ...
... Geophysical data from the Amazon Cone Experiment are used to determine the structure and evolution of the French Guiana and Northeast Brazil continental margin, and to better understand the origin and development of along-margin segmentation. A 427-km-long combined multichannel reflection and wide-a ...
5faults.landforms
... In a Normal Dip-Slip Fault the Hanging Wall has moved DOWN relative to the footwall ...
... In a Normal Dip-Slip Fault the Hanging Wall has moved DOWN relative to the footwall ...
Alternative global Cretaceous paleogeography
... Indian Ocean basins. North America, Eurasia, and Africa were crossed by shallow meridional seaways. This classic view of Cretaceous paleogeography may be incorrect. The revised view of the Early Cretaceous is one of three large continental blocks— North America–Eurasia, South America–Antarctica-Indi ...
... Indian Ocean basins. North America, Eurasia, and Africa were crossed by shallow meridional seaways. This classic view of Cretaceous paleogeography may be incorrect. The revised view of the Early Cretaceous is one of three large continental blocks— North America–Eurasia, South America–Antarctica-Indi ...
The California Arc: Thick Granitic Batholiths, Eclogitic Residues
... observations suggest that the Mesozoic crust was at least ~70 km thick and the mantle lithosphere was at least 120 km thick. 1. Metasedimentary xenoliths found in the San Joaquin volcanic field are relatively fresh eclogite facies quartzites (i.e., the minor mafic phases present are mostly garnet an ...
... observations suggest that the Mesozoic crust was at least ~70 km thick and the mantle lithosphere was at least 120 km thick. 1. Metasedimentary xenoliths found in the San Joaquin volcanic field are relatively fresh eclogite facies quartzites (i.e., the minor mafic phases present are mostly garnet an ...
Absolute migration and the evolution of the Rodriguez
... TJ can be reconstructed by rotating the points to their former positions (Masalu and Tamaki, 1994). However, this method should be used cautiously in cases where the intersections of magnetic lineations with same age on the two sides of the trace of the TJ are significantly dislocated. In such situa ...
... TJ can be reconstructed by rotating the points to their former positions (Masalu and Tamaki, 1994). However, this method should be used cautiously in cases where the intersections of magnetic lineations with same age on the two sides of the trace of the TJ are significantly dislocated. In such situa ...
Mantle plumes and dynamics of the Earth interior — towards a new
... A b s t r a c t . Seismic tomography provides reconstructions of thermal-density structure of the Earth’s mantle as deep as the mantle/core boundary (CMB). For the first time, a direct image of dynamic processes, occurring inside the globe, was obtained. Existing plate-tectonic models of modern geod ...
... A b s t r a c t . Seismic tomography provides reconstructions of thermal-density structure of the Earth’s mantle as deep as the mantle/core boundary (CMB). For the first time, a direct image of dynamic processes, occurring inside the globe, was obtained. Existing plate-tectonic models of modern geod ...
FREE Sample Here
... groups or subdivisions? Also, are there potential pitfalls or problems if we only consider the natural world as individual groups or categories rather than as a whole? Diff: 3 Topic: 1.6 Earth's Spheres Bloom's: Evaluating and Analyzing ...
... groups or subdivisions? Also, are there potential pitfalls or problems if we only consider the natural world as individual groups or categories rather than as a whole? Diff: 3 Topic: 1.6 Earth's Spheres Bloom's: Evaluating and Analyzing ...
Isostasy in Move
... distributed for an uncompensated load and defines the magnitude of bending. Te is a function of the lithospheric thickness and temperature. Te is large for orogenic collision zones or cratonic areas (>60 km) and small for oceanic or rifted continental crust (<15 km), although in these areas, lithosp ...
... distributed for an uncompensated load and defines the magnitude of bending. Te is a function of the lithospheric thickness and temperature. Te is large for orogenic collision zones or cratonic areas (>60 km) and small for oceanic or rifted continental crust (<15 km), although in these areas, lithosp ...
Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth`s mantle
... only the nine hotspots which meet at least three out of the ¢ve possible criteria are potentially due to deep, or ‘primary’ plumes. Note that some scores could become higher as more data become available, i.e. if a positive answer was obtained for a criterion for which we do not have a certain answe ...
... only the nine hotspots which meet at least three out of the ¢ve possible criteria are potentially due to deep, or ‘primary’ plumes. Note that some scores could become higher as more data become available, i.e. if a positive answer was obtained for a criterion for which we do not have a certain answe ...
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Supercontinent
... 1999; Campbell and Kerr, 2007). Assuming their relative stability in relation to the mantle and the lithosphere, mantle plumes (hot spots) have thus commonly been used as a relatively stable reference frame for estimating plate movements (e.g., Besse and Courtillot, 2002; Steinberger and Torsvik, 20 ...
... 1999; Campbell and Kerr, 2007). Assuming their relative stability in relation to the mantle and the lithosphere, mantle plumes (hot spots) have thus commonly been used as a relatively stable reference frame for estimating plate movements (e.g., Besse and Courtillot, 2002; Steinberger and Torsvik, 20 ...
Chapter 22
... • There are three types of plate boundaries: – Divergent – located along mid-ocean ridges where the two plates are moving apart – Convergent – zones along which two plates are driven together, one plate is consumed – Transform – boundaries along which two plates slide horizontally past one another ...
... • There are three types of plate boundaries: – Divergent – located along mid-ocean ridges where the two plates are moving apart – Convergent – zones along which two plates are driven together, one plate is consumed – Transform – boundaries along which two plates slide horizontally past one another ...
Document
... The melting of the solid granite is associated with characteristic acoustic signals of durations from a few µs to 30 ms and amplitudes from 40 to 78 dB. On cooling, the processes of recrystallisation/solidification is associated by signals characterised by high primary frequency signals (between 50 ...
... The melting of the solid granite is associated with characteristic acoustic signals of durations from a few µs to 30 ms and amplitudes from 40 to 78 dB. On cooling, the processes of recrystallisation/solidification is associated by signals characterised by high primary frequency signals (between 50 ...
Active rifting and crustal thinning along the Rivera
... graben has been proposed to mark the southwest tip of an active zone of extension located between the Rivera and Cocos plates. The results of an analysis of the Mantle Bouguer gravity anomalies in the area of the El Gordo graben, and in the area located between the graben and the East Pacific Rise, ...
... graben has been proposed to mark the southwest tip of an active zone of extension located between the Rivera and Cocos plates. The results of an analysis of the Mantle Bouguer gravity anomalies in the area of the El Gordo graben, and in the area located between the graben and the East Pacific Rise, ...
Earth-Science-13th
... 39) The ________ was developed by Earth scientists and divides the 4.6-billion-year history of Earth into many different units. Answer: geologic time scale Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Scales of Space and Time in Earth Science Bloom's: Remembering ...
... 39) The ________ was developed by Earth scientists and divides the 4.6-billion-year history of Earth into many different units. Answer: geologic time scale Diff: 1 Topic: 1.4 Scales of Space and Time in Earth Science Bloom's: Remembering ...
Continental hyperextension, mantle exhumation and thin oceanic
... 2013]. Timing of the eventual continental breakup and the onset of seafloor spreading between Iberia and Newfoundland are still widely debated and vary along the margin [Peron-Pinvidic et al., 2013]. In the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain, Dean et al. [2000] used seismic refraction and reflection data t ...
... 2013]. Timing of the eventual continental breakup and the onset of seafloor spreading between Iberia and Newfoundland are still widely debated and vary along the margin [Peron-Pinvidic et al., 2013]. In the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain, Dean et al. [2000] used seismic refraction and reflection data t ...
- White Rose Research Online
... The Laptev Shelf offshore eastern Siberia represents a rare tectonic setting, comparable to that of the Woodlark Basin and Afar region, where an active oceanic spreading center, the Gakkel Ridge, approaches a continental margin (Figure 1). The North America-Eurasia plate boundary, corresponding to t ...
... The Laptev Shelf offshore eastern Siberia represents a rare tectonic setting, comparable to that of the Woodlark Basin and Afar region, where an active oceanic spreading center, the Gakkel Ridge, approaches a continental margin (Figure 1). The North America-Eurasia plate boundary, corresponding to t ...
- Wiley Online Library
... 2013]. Timing of the eventual continental breakup and the onset of seafloor spreading between Iberia and Newfoundland are still widely debated and vary along the margin [Peron-Pinvidic et al., 2013]. In the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain, Dean et al. [2000] used seismic refraction and reflection data t ...
... 2013]. Timing of the eventual continental breakup and the onset of seafloor spreading between Iberia and Newfoundland are still widely debated and vary along the margin [Peron-Pinvidic et al., 2013]. In the southern Iberia Abyssal Plain, Dean et al. [2000] used seismic refraction and reflection data t ...
Late-orogenic heating during exhumation: Alpine PTt trajectories
... overprint, call for a geodynamic context explaining the increased temperatures during exhumation of the high-pressure rocks. Two fundamentally di¡erent candidate mechanisms were proposed to explain a stage of re-heating during the exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks: (1) slab detachment [6 ...
... overprint, call for a geodynamic context explaining the increased temperatures during exhumation of the high-pressure rocks. Two fundamentally di¡erent candidate mechanisms were proposed to explain a stage of re-heating during the exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks: (1) slab detachment [6 ...
Composition of the crust and upper-mantle in the central Andes (19
... 73% for Vp /Vs from the initial coarse model. 3. Results and discussion We present in Fig. 4 the cross-sections through the ®nal models. As Vp /Vs ratios have initial values independent of the depth, the image of the vertical cross-section is the same in true Vp /Vs value or in perturbation of Vp /V ...
... 73% for Vp /Vs from the initial coarse model. 3. Results and discussion We present in Fig. 4 the cross-sections through the ®nal models. As Vp /Vs ratios have initial values independent of the depth, the image of the vertical cross-section is the same in true Vp /Vs value or in perturbation of Vp /V ...
Geology - Archean Environment: The habitat of early life.
... Metamorphism during the Cenozoic and Mesozoic Eras has taken place at: divergent plate boundaries, where newly generated oceanic crust is metamorphosed following hydrothermal circulation of sea water; convergent plate boundaries, where subduction, or subduction followed by collision, takes crustal r ...
... Metamorphism during the Cenozoic and Mesozoic Eras has taken place at: divergent plate boundaries, where newly generated oceanic crust is metamorphosed following hydrothermal circulation of sea water; convergent plate boundaries, where subduction, or subduction followed by collision, takes crustal r ...
International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 360 Scientific
... Deep drilling on Atlantis Bank will also provide an important step toward the longterm objective of drilling a total crustal penetration in fast-spreading ocean crust in the Pacific Ocean by providing critically needed experience in engineering a deep hole in lower crustal rocks. SloMo is not simply ...
... Deep drilling on Atlantis Bank will also provide an important step toward the longterm objective of drilling a total crustal penetration in fast-spreading ocean crust in the Pacific Ocean by providing critically needed experience in engineering a deep hole in lower crustal rocks. SloMo is not simply ...
Thermal and petrophysical characterization of the lithospheric
... heat flow and crustal seismic data show LAB depth varying from more than 130 km beneath the Pyrenees to less than 70 km beneath the western Mediterranean basins (Zeyen and Fernandez, 1994; Ayala et al., 1996, 2003; Roca et al., 2004). All these models however are based on a pure thermal approach in w ...
... heat flow and crustal seismic data show LAB depth varying from more than 130 km beneath the Pyrenees to less than 70 km beneath the western Mediterranean basins (Zeyen and Fernandez, 1994; Ayala et al., 1996, 2003; Roca et al., 2004). All these models however are based on a pure thermal approach in w ...
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the Greek: τεκτονικός ""pertaining to building"") is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.The lithosphere, which is the rigid outermost shell of a planet (on Earth, the crust and upper mantle), is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary; convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.Tectonic plates are composed of oceanic lithosphere and thicker continental lithosphere, each topped by its own kind of crust. Along convergent boundaries, subduction carries plates into the mantle; the material lost is roughly balanced by the formation of new (oceanic) crust along divergent margins by seafloor spreading. In this way, the total surface of the globe remains the same. This prediction of plate tectonics is also referred to as the conveyor belt principle. Earlier theories (that still have some supporters) propose gradual shrinking (contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying asthenosphere. Lateral density variations in the mantle result in convection. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor away from the spreading ridge (due to variations in topography and density of the crust, which result in differences in gravitational forces) and drag, with downward suction, at the subduction zones. Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors and their relationship to each other is unclear, and still the subject of much debate.