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Clinical significance of cardiac murmurs: Get the sound and rhythm
Clinical significance of cardiac murmurs: Get the sound and rhythm

... valve area. The intensity often varies with slightly changing heart rates. Typically, this soft murmur has a crescendo-decrescendo shape, occurs in early to mid-systole, and ends before the onset of the second heart sound. Flow murmurs do not tend to obscure heart sounds. Up to 60% of normal horses ...
Application of mechanical circulatory support in
Application of mechanical circulatory support in

... Application of mechanical circulatory support in the body in spite of the adequate oxygen supply after ECMO support. Compared to the lactate level before the mechanical circulatory support, the dynamic change in the level after the establishment of the effective circulatory support may be a more se ...
Evaluation of right and left ventricular function
Evaluation of right and left ventricular function

... Arrhythmia-related symptoms ...
Is left ventricular volume during diastasis the real equilibrium volume
Is left ventricular volume during diastasis the real equilibrium volume

... While early diastolic intraventricular and atrioventricular gradients causally guarantee LV generated diastolic suction, alternative definitions regarding suction exist in both physiology and clinical echocardiography (31, 32). One alternative definition stems from pioneering experimental work by Ni ...
Congenital Heart Disease
Congenital Heart Disease

... CV defects among most common malformations and are the most common cause of heart disease in children Higher in premies and stillborns Table 12-2 VSD most common Tetralogy of Fallot most common cyanotic Many survive into adulthood - repairs arrhythmias additional surgery ventricular dysfunction use ...
The relationship between QT interval and QT dispersion with left
The relationship between QT interval and QT dispersion with left

... Several studies have shown an association between increased QT interval and mortality, some of them are: Padmanabhan et al. (2003) showed that an increase in QT interval strongly was associated with mortality rate particularly in patients with LVSDF. Also, the QT interval greater than 350 (m sec) in ...
A. Atrial Septal Defect
A. Atrial Septal Defect

... To know the natural history, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of each major valvular lesion (mitral stenosis and incompetence, aortic stenosis and incompetence, tricuspid stenosis and incompetence); To understand the operative and non-operative therapeutic options for the treatment of each ...
Clinical Effects of Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Support in Severe
Clinical Effects of Percutaneous Cardiopulmonary Support in Severe

... cause of ventricular failure in myocarditis was unresponsiveness to IABP, and another cause was hemodynamic deterioration due to VA. In these patients, surgical stress was less than the patients in Group I, and so the duration of PCPS was short and fatal complications reduced during PCPS. Weaning fr ...
Influence of Right Ventricular Filling Pressure on Left Ventricular
Influence of Right Ventricular Filling Pressure on Left Ventricular

... The effects of alterations in the diastolic filling pressure of the right ventricle on left ventricular (LV) geometry and filling pressure were studied in six isolated, supported canine hearts. This experimental preparation permitted graded increments in right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic pressure ...
Clinical Utility of Blood Natriuretic Peptide Levels
Clinical Utility of Blood Natriuretic Peptide Levels

... active BNP peptide hormone and the inactive Nterminal fragment of proBNP (NT-proBNP). B-type natriuretic peptide is secreted into the circulation in a pulsatile fashion through the coronary sinuses in response to left ventricular (LV) wall stretch and multiple neurohumoral factors. It has a half-lif ...
Print - Circulation
Print - Circulation

... To evaluate this problem in the diseased heart we simulated an LVAD in the operating room by bypassing and unloading the left ventricle with the heart-lung machine before routine open heart surgery. Right ventricular function was assessed in 12 patients with preoperative left ventricular ejection fr ...
Ventricular Dysrhythmias (Fast and Easy ECGs, Shade / Wesley)
Ventricular Dysrhythmias (Fast and Easy ECGs, Shade / Wesley)

... –  It is said to be present when there are three or more PVCs in a row. –  It can occur with or without pulses, and the patient may be stable or unstable with this rhythm. ...
pericardial effusions by echocardiography - Heart
pericardial effusions by echocardiography - Heart

... to the aortic root and left atrium (Fig. 2A). Only a narrow echo-free space, wider in systole than in diastole, is visualised between the ventricular posterior wall and parietal pericardium at mid left ventricular level. This echo-free space widens considerably (to about 1-5 cm) behind the basal lef ...
electrocardiography
electrocardiography

... the normal cardiac rhythm is regular (heart cycles have equal length). To determine if the heart cycles are of equal length, one has two options: - to measure precisely the RR intervals – if the RR intervals have equal durations (duration of RR interval 1 = duration of RR interval 2 = … = duration o ...
- Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
- Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

... northeastern North America and eastern Asia [1]. It stands from 0.3-.75 meters tall and has a smooth stem that grows one to three feet in height and terminates in yellowish-green flowers. It bears dark blue berries from which the name “blue” cohosh is derived [2, 3]. Blue cohosh is also known by sev ...
Left ventricular endocardial longitudinal and transverse - AJP
Left ventricular endocardial longitudinal and transverse - AJP

... onset of IVC. Also, finding that the first heart sound occurred during the rapid ventricular pressure development (or IVC), and not at end diastole as expected, they concluded that this sound was generated by the vibration of the already closed and tense mitral valve. Our data clearly show that the ...
Edwards, Daniel - Cardiff Metropolitan University
Edwards, Daniel - Cardiff Metropolitan University

... The term ‘athlete’s heart’ is used in modern sport and exercise medicine to describe the hypertrophy of the myocardium in response to repeated bouts of exercise (Maron, 1986). This hypertrophy of the myocardium allows for increased maximal stroke volume (SV ) and cardiac output (Q), both of which in ...
Tetralogy of Fallot Associated with Total Anomalous Pulmonary
Tetralogy of Fallot Associated with Total Anomalous Pulmonary

... The symptomatology in isolated tetralogy of Fallot is related to decreased pulmonary blood flow and reduced systemic arterial saturation. Heart failure in classic tetralogy is very rare.l In contrast, infants with isolated total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage frequently present with congestive ...


... Junctional ectopic tachycardia or JET is a rare tachycardia caused by increased automaticity of the AV node itself initiating frequent heart beats. On the ECG, junctional tachycardia often presents with abnormal morphology p-waves that may fall anywhere in relation to a regular, narrow QRS complex. ...
NT-proBNP and the diagnosis of exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia 264
NT-proBNP and the diagnosis of exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia 264

... dependent on mechanical (ventricular stretch) as well as endocrine factors.34 Ventricular function is also important; the dysfunctional ventricle can secrete BNP more readily than the normal ventricle. The individual with good LV function is able to perform a more adequate stress test, with a longer ...
All About Your Heart Failure Device
All About Your Heart Failure Device

... your heart failure device If you have just learned that you need a heart failure device, or you have just had your device implanted, you probably have many questions and a lot of different emotions. Many people who get a heart failure device get the news that they need a device suddenly, before they ...
VA-ECMO in Cardiogenic Shock in Adults
VA-ECMO in Cardiogenic Shock in Adults

... SHOCK trial registry, patients with cardiogenic shock complicating an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) had in-hospital mortality of 60% (3). By the data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, ECMO use in adults has increased significantly since 2007. In 2002, the leading indication for init ...
Swimming exercise reverses aging-related contractile abnormalities
Swimming exercise reverses aging-related contractile abnormalities

... Background: The objective of this study was to examine the effect of swimming exercise on aging-related Ca2+ handling alterations and structural abnormalities of female rat heart. Methods: For this purpose, 4-month and 24-month old female rats were used and divided into three following groups: seden ...
ICD 10 and Nephrology
ICD 10 and Nephrology

... – A rise in the creatinine level can result from medications (eg, cimetidine, trimethoprim) that inhibit the kidney’s tubular secretion, or an increase in creatinine production such as seen in Rhabdomyolysis. (muscle breakdown) – True Anuria is most commonly the result of an obstructed foley cathete ...
Contemporary Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine Athlete`s Heart
Contemporary Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine Athlete`s Heart

... to cardiac remodeling are reviewed here. There is a direct relationship between exercise intensity (external work) and the body’s demand for oxygen. This oxygen demand is met by increasing pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2). The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen-rich blood from ...
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Heart failure



Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs. The terms chronic heart failure (CHF) or congestive cardiac failure (CCF) are often used interchangeably with congestive heart failure. Signs and symptoms commonly include shortness of breath, excessive tiredness, and leg swelling. The shortness of breath is usually worse with exercise, while lying down, and may wake the person at night. A limited ability to exercise is also a common feature.Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease including a previous myocardial infarction (heart attack), high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, excess alcohol use, infection, and cardiomyopathy of an unknown cause. These cause heart failure by changing either the structure or the functioning of the heart. There are two main types of heart failure: heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure with normal ejection fraction depending on if the ability of the left ventricle to contract is affected, or the heart's ability to relax. The severity of disease is usually graded by the degree of problems with exercise. Heart failure is not the same as myocardial infarction (in which part of the heart muscle dies) or cardiac arrest (in which blood flow stops altogether). Other diseases that may have symptoms similar to heart failure include obesity, kidney failure, liver problems, anemia and thyroid disease.The condition is diagnosed based on the history of the symptoms and a physical examination with confirmation by echocardiography. Blood tests, electrocardiography, and chest radiography may be useful to determine the underlying cause. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the disease. In people with chronic stable mild heart failure, treatment commonly consists of lifestyle modifications such as stopping smoking, physical exercise, and dietary changes, as well as medications. In those with heart failure due to left ventricular dysfunction, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers along with beta blockers are recommended. For those with severe disease, aldosterone antagonists, or hydralazine plus a nitrate may be used. Diuretics are useful for preventing fluid retention. Sometimes, depending on the cause, an implanted device such as a pacemaker or an implantable cardiac defibrillator may be recommended. In some moderate or severe cases cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be suggested or cardiac contractility modulation may be of benefit. A ventricular assist device or occasionally a heart transplant may be recommended in those with severe disease despite all other measures.Heart failure is a common, costly, and potentially fatal condition. In developed countries, around 2% of adults have heart failure and in those over the age of 65, this increases to 6–10%. In the year after diagnosis the risk of death is about 35% after which it decreases to below 10% each year. This is similar to the risks with a number of types of cancer. In the United Kingdom the disease is the reason for 5% of emergency hospital admissions. Heart failure has been known since ancient times with the Ebers papyrus commenting on it around 1550 BCE.
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