Full Text
... (36.85 °C). The astronomical implication of this quantum unit becomes evident when the threshold energy from gravitational force between any two K+ ions that compose the single layer of approximately 2∙106 ions associated with the resting membrane potential (1) is calculated. The gravitational force ...
... (36.85 °C). The astronomical implication of this quantum unit becomes evident when the threshold energy from gravitational force between any two K+ ions that compose the single layer of approximately 2∙106 ions associated with the resting membrane potential (1) is calculated. The gravitational force ...
Astronomical, Chemical, and Biological Implications of 10
... (36.85 °C). The astronomical implication of this quantum unit becomes evident when the threshold energy from gravitational force between any two K+ ions that compose the single layer of approximately 2∙106 ions associated with the resting membrane potential (1) is calculated. The gravitational force ...
... (36.85 °C). The astronomical implication of this quantum unit becomes evident when the threshold energy from gravitational force between any two K+ ions that compose the single layer of approximately 2∙106 ions associated with the resting membrane potential (1) is calculated. The gravitational force ...
Magnetic Reconnection Project - University of California
... Wave dispersion and the structure of nozzle • Controlled by the variation of the wave phase speed with distance from the x-line ...
... Wave dispersion and the structure of nozzle • Controlled by the variation of the wave phase speed with distance from the x-line ...
volume 86 part 3 - Australian ITER Forum
... in microelectronics); improved lighting (fluorescent lights); the production of ion beams (e.g. for ion implantation to change material bulk properties as in semiconductor device fabrication); plasma processing of waste; metal cutting and welding; the new therapeutic techniques of plasma medicine; p ...
... in microelectronics); improved lighting (fluorescent lights); the production of ion beams (e.g. for ion implantation to change material bulk properties as in semiconductor device fabrication); plasma processing of waste; metal cutting and welding; the new therapeutic techniques of plasma medicine; p ...
1. Degenerate Pressure
... a degenerate gas – i.e., one in which the momenta and energies are dictated by the “size” of the quantum states. The physical effect that arises when many electrons are confined in a small volume is called electron degeneracy pressure. This results from the random, large momenta that electrons must ...
... a degenerate gas – i.e., one in which the momenta and energies are dictated by the “size” of the quantum states. The physical effect that arises when many electrons are confined in a small volume is called electron degeneracy pressure. This results from the random, large momenta that electrons must ...
Explaining Cold Fusion
... A few of the tritium nuclei can fuse with deuterium to produce helium and a neutron, which is the proposed source of the few neutrons observed when tritium is produced. Figure 2 shows a cartoon of four stages in the fusion process. First, a small gap forms and the hydrogen ions located between the m ...
... A few of the tritium nuclei can fuse with deuterium to produce helium and a neutron, which is the proposed source of the few neutrons observed when tritium is produced. Figure 2 shows a cartoon of four stages in the fusion process. First, a small gap forms and the hydrogen ions located between the m ...
Nuclear Astrophysics (a Cosmic Cookbook)
... of a positively charged electron (positron) and a neutrino, a small, very ...
... of a positively charged electron (positron) and a neutrino, a small, very ...
Document
... thermal distribution function, however the accelerated component has higher energy and a different distribution – we shall consider a power law distribution. Coulomb collisions affect the low energy part of the distribution (see Eq. 6) and this leads to a ‘bump-in-tail’ instability in the distributi ...
... thermal distribution function, however the accelerated component has higher energy and a different distribution – we shall consider a power law distribution. Coulomb collisions affect the low energy part of the distribution (see Eq. 6) and this leads to a ‘bump-in-tail’ instability in the distributi ...
ppt
... actually depend on the existence of large scale field. The existence of turbulence and rotation produces a strong flux of magnetic helicity once the local field is in equipartition. The inverse cascade does depend on the existence of a large scale field, but the consequent growth of the field is ...
... actually depend on the existence of large scale field. The existence of turbulence and rotation produces a strong flux of magnetic helicity once the local field is in equipartition. The inverse cascade does depend on the existence of a large scale field, but the consequent growth of the field is ...
Return-current formation in the electron beam – plasma system
... fields (ωce /ωpe ≤0.1) the filamentation instability strongly heats the electrons in the direction perpendicular to that of the beam propagation. Simultaneously, the distribution function of the return current changes from that with the extended tail (for strong magnetic fields) to the return curren ...
... fields (ωce /ωpe ≤0.1) the filamentation instability strongly heats the electrons in the direction perpendicular to that of the beam propagation. Simultaneously, the distribution function of the return current changes from that with the extended tail (for strong magnetic fields) to the return curren ...
SPACE CHARGE & Jets
... accomplished what a Langmuir probe (inset) could not measure. What is producing the space charge? As Alfven pointed out, if trapped ion and electron pitchangle distributions are different, then parallel electric fields (aka space charge) is needed to achieve time-averaged neutrality (from a particle ...
... accomplished what a Langmuir probe (inset) could not measure. What is producing the space charge? As Alfven pointed out, if trapped ion and electron pitchangle distributions are different, then parallel electric fields (aka space charge) is needed to achieve time-averaged neutrality (from a particle ...
Mike Zellner
... stars, are comprised of plasmas that emit spectra in the x-ray wavelength. The xray emission can be gathered with a spectrometer connected to a large telescope. By increasing our understanding of plasmas and their emitted line spectra, we will be able to better interpret the data and extend our know ...
... stars, are comprised of plasmas that emit spectra in the x-ray wavelength. The xray emission can be gathered with a spectrometer connected to a large telescope. By increasing our understanding of plasmas and their emitted line spectra, we will be able to better interpret the data and extend our know ...
Star Factories: Nuclear Fusion and the Creation of the Elements
... table) then where do all the gold, silver, lead, uranium, etc... come from? ...
... table) then where do all the gold, silver, lead, uranium, etc... come from? ...
SOLID-STATE PHYSICS II 2007 O. Entin-Wohlman
... ∗ ∗ ∗ exercise: Prepare a similar table for the ions with partially filled f −shell (L = 3). Hund’s three rules determine the ground state(s) of the partially-filled ion. However, that ground state is still degenerate. Take for example, the case n = 2 in the Table. After applying Hund’s first and se ...
... ∗ ∗ ∗ exercise: Prepare a similar table for the ions with partially filled f −shell (L = 3). Hund’s three rules determine the ground state(s) of the partially-filled ion. However, that ground state is still degenerate. Take for example, the case n = 2 in the Table. After applying Hund’s first and se ...
Other Facets of Giant Branch Evolution • As the envelope cools due
... • As the envelope cools due to expansion, the opacity in the envelope increases (due to Kramers law), so by the time the star reaches the base of the giant branch (point 5), convection dominates energy transport. The thermal energy trapped by this opacity causes the star to further expand. (Note: th ...
... • As the envelope cools due to expansion, the opacity in the envelope increases (due to Kramers law), so by the time the star reaches the base of the giant branch (point 5), convection dominates energy transport. The thermal energy trapped by this opacity causes the star to further expand. (Note: th ...
Fine structure of the interplanetary shocks observed by BMSW
... Interplanetary (IP) shocks are one of the main factors influencing the space weather. The fine structure of the front of collisionless shock has been investigated for planetary shocks from magnetic field measurements whereas IP shocks are less often studied. BMSW[1] plasma spectrometer onboard the S ...
... Interplanetary (IP) shocks are one of the main factors influencing the space weather. The fine structure of the front of collisionless shock has been investigated for planetary shocks from magnetic field measurements whereas IP shocks are less often studied. BMSW[1] plasma spectrometer onboard the S ...
The initial conditions: Orion GMC
... out rapidly by moving electric charges. In contrast, the required currents for large scale B can be set up by tiny drifts between electrons and ions. Maxwell’s equations: a B field of 3 muG requires e-i drift of only 10-3 cm/s ...
... out rapidly by moving electric charges. In contrast, the required currents for large scale B can be set up by tiny drifts between electrons and ions. Maxwell’s equations: a B field of 3 muG requires e-i drift of only 10-3 cm/s ...
23sun6s
... energy which is transported to the surface Nuclear fusion and magnetic fields play key roles in the energetics and structure of the Sun ...
... energy which is transported to the surface Nuclear fusion and magnetic fields play key roles in the energetics and structure of the Sun ...
Measurement of the beam normal single-spin asymmetry of Carbon-12
... Beam-normal single-spin asymmetry in the elastic scattering of electrons is a direct probe for the two photon exchange. At the Mainz Mictrotron, this asymmetry has been measured for Carbon-12 at a Q2 of 0.04 GeV2 . A 570 MeV continuous wave electrons beam was scattered on a carbon target and detecte ...
... Beam-normal single-spin asymmetry in the elastic scattering of electrons is a direct probe for the two photon exchange. At the Mainz Mictrotron, this asymmetry has been measured for Carbon-12 at a Q2 of 0.04 GeV2 . A 570 MeV continuous wave electrons beam was scattered on a carbon target and detecte ...
Numerical simulation of the Helicon Double Layer Thruster
... by the net charge distribution, its electric field. In the most general DL structure both free and reflected electrons and ions are required. The electric field acts as a barrier for the reflected particles while the accelerated ones emerge after it as energetic beams. The current is carried by the ...
... by the net charge distribution, its electric field. In the most general DL structure both free and reflected electrons and ions are required. The electric field acts as a barrier for the reflected particles while the accelerated ones emerge after it as energetic beams. The current is carried by the ...
Propagation of Charged Particles through Helical
... vectors to k (say l and m) then the off-diagonal components of the first term in the brackets on the RHS of the correlation function (eq.1) are zero. It then turns out that bl and bm are simply generated directly according to S(k) while bk is zero (eq.3). In order to introduce helicity, two more mut ...
... vectors to k (say l and m) then the off-diagonal components of the first term in the brackets on the RHS of the correlation function (eq.1) are zero. It then turns out that bl and bm are simply generated directly according to S(k) while bk is zero (eq.3). In order to introduce helicity, two more mut ...
The Many Faces of the Sun
... the EM spectrum, including radio, optical, UV, soft X-rays, hard X-rays, and γ-rays • Flare emissions are caused by - hot plasma emitting in: radio, visible, UV, soft X-ray -non-thermal energetic particles emitting in: radio, hard Xray, γ-rays ...
... the EM spectrum, including radio, optical, UV, soft X-rays, hard X-rays, and γ-rays • Flare emissions are caused by - hot plasma emitting in: radio, visible, UV, soft X-ray -non-thermal energetic particles emitting in: radio, hard Xray, γ-rays ...
Homework # 6
... b)Show that the coulomb energy of a point positive charge e interacting with the uniform electron distribution of one electron in the volume of radius r0 is –3e2/r0, or –3/rs in rydbergs. Formula for the energy of electron due to point positive charge is just the integral of the potential multiplie ...
... b)Show that the coulomb energy of a point positive charge e interacting with the uniform electron distribution of one electron in the volume of radius r0 is –3e2/r0, or –3/rs in rydbergs. Formula for the energy of electron due to point positive charge is just the integral of the potential multiplie ...
Magnetic reconnection
... Original idea is converting magnetic field energy to plasma kinetic energy. Recently plasma heating, particle acceleration and wave excitation are also well discussed in the category of magnetic reconnection. These energy conversion rates are heavily depending on the plasma conditions. In that sense ...
... Original idea is converting magnetic field energy to plasma kinetic energy. Recently plasma heating, particle acceleration and wave excitation are also well discussed in the category of magnetic reconnection. These energy conversion rates are heavily depending on the plasma conditions. In that sense ...
Fermi Gases
... • density varies in normal stars (in Sun: average is 1 g/cm3 but at r=0 is 100 g/cm3). More of a constant in white dwarves or neutron stars • will have either “normal” gas pressure of P=nkT (P=n) or pressure due to degenerate particles.
Normal depends on T, degenerate (mostly) doesn’t
• n = parti ...
... • density varies in normal stars (in Sun: average is 1 g/cm3 but at r=0 is 100 g/cm3). More of a constant in white dwarves or neutron stars • will have either “normal” gas pressure of P=nkT (P=n
Polywell
The polywell is a type of nuclear fusion reactor that uses an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. It is closely related to the magnetic mirror, the fusor, the biconic cusp and the high beta fusion reactor. A set of electromagnets generates a magnetic field which traps electrons. This creates a negative voltage, which attracts positive ions. As the ions accelerate towards the negative center, their kinetic energy rises. If the ions collide in the center, they can fuse.The polywell is one of many devices that use an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. This branch of fusion research is known as inertial electrostatic confinement. The polywell was developed by Robert Bussard, as an improvement over the fusor. His company, EMC2, Inc., developed the initial devices for the U.S. Navy.