Fine and hyperfine structure
... The relativistic wave equation was written down by Dirac, which we will discuss in 221B. It predicted the existence of anti-matter, namely positron for the electron and anti-proton for the proton, which were discovered later by Caltech group (positron) and Berkeley group (anti-proton). At the same t ...
... The relativistic wave equation was written down by Dirac, which we will discuss in 221B. It predicted the existence of anti-matter, namely positron for the electron and anti-proton for the proton, which were discovered later by Caltech group (positron) and Berkeley group (anti-proton). At the same t ...
regan-gas-10jul2010
... – Hydrogen to Helium (in the sun, p-p chain CNO cycles). – Helium to Carbon, triple-alpha process, special fusion. – Carbon to iron: nuclear fusion reactions, if hot enough. – Above 56Fe, ...
... – Hydrogen to Helium (in the sun, p-p chain CNO cycles). – Helium to Carbon, triple-alpha process, special fusion. – Carbon to iron: nuclear fusion reactions, if hot enough. – Above 56Fe, ...
Three-dimensional magnetized and rotating hot plasma equilibrium
... magnetic field decreases with radius if α > -2 and the toroidal magnetic field remains finite at the poles if α < -1 so we expect solutions with -1 > α ≥ -2 are of most interest in the presence of gravity. The g = 0 solution suggests maintaining d2H/dµ2 < 0 as µ2 → 1 requires [(α+1)]b2 > ω2 + (α+2)β ...
... magnetic field decreases with radius if α > -2 and the toroidal magnetic field remains finite at the poles if α < -1 so we expect solutions with -1 > α ≥ -2 are of most interest in the presence of gravity. The g = 0 solution suggests maintaining d2H/dµ2 < 0 as µ2 → 1 requires [(α+1)]b2 > ω2 + (α+2)β ...
Space Physics Handout 2 : The Earth`s magnetosphere and
... sources of these particles are the solar wind itself and the Earth’s ionosphere (see below). The plasma inside the magnetosphere is not uniformly distributed but is grouped into different regions with quite different densities and temperatures. In the magnetotail there is a central region, known as ...
... sources of these particles are the solar wind itself and the Earth’s ionosphere (see below). The plasma inside the magnetosphere is not uniformly distributed but is grouped into different regions with quite different densities and temperatures. In the magnetotail there is a central region, known as ...
- Potentials - Liénard-Wiechart Potentials
... If the charge would have continued at its original speed, at t=1 it would have been at x=1. The wave front travels outward with a velocity c and drops off as 1/x. ...
... If the charge would have continued at its original speed, at t=1 it would have been at x=1. The wave front travels outward with a velocity c and drops off as 1/x. ...
Stellar Evolution: 33.2
... • When kinetic energy is sufficiently high, coulomb repulsion that keeps the hydrogen nuclei apart can be overcome and nuclear fusion can take place. • Hydrostatic equilibrium (outward force of fusion balances gravitational inward force) occurs—a star is born. ...
... • When kinetic energy is sufficiently high, coulomb repulsion that keeps the hydrogen nuclei apart can be overcome and nuclear fusion can take place. • Hydrostatic equilibrium (outward force of fusion balances gravitational inward force) occurs—a star is born. ...
Three-scale structure of diffusion region of magnetic reconnection in
... [Andre and Cully, 2012]. It was suggested that such ion distribution alters properties of the magnetic reconnection regions at the magnetopause [Toledo‐Redondo et. al., 2016]. Motivated by these recent findings, we performed two-dimensional kinetic Particle-in-Cell (PIC) numerical simulations of mag ...
... [Andre and Cully, 2012]. It was suggested that such ion distribution alters properties of the magnetic reconnection regions at the magnetopause [Toledo‐Redondo et. al., 2016]. Motivated by these recent findings, we performed two-dimensional kinetic Particle-in-Cell (PIC) numerical simulations of mag ...
Supersonic turbulence?
... motions, length scale l gets converted to heat (cascading eddies, radiative shocks) in time ~ l/u. • Need u ~ virial speed and l << R for support. • But this means dissipation time l/u << crossing time R/u, so need constant replenishment (winds??) • Ordered magnetic field => turbulence not dominant. ...
... motions, length scale l gets converted to heat (cascading eddies, radiative shocks) in time ~ l/u. • Need u ~ virial speed and l << R for support. • But this means dissipation time l/u << crossing time R/u, so need constant replenishment (winds??) • Ordered magnetic field => turbulence not dominant. ...
Monday, Oct. 20
... They lose energy by radiation from their surfaces, but they aren’t hot enough inside to ignite nuclear fusion to replace the lost energy. As a result, they contract and heat up. Once they are hot enough inside (about 107 K) fusion can replace the energy they are losing. They are then in a stable the ...
... They lose energy by radiation from their surfaces, but they aren’t hot enough inside to ignite nuclear fusion to replace the lost energy. As a result, they contract and heat up. Once they are hot enough inside (about 107 K) fusion can replace the energy they are losing. They are then in a stable the ...
Medical Imaging - Computer Vision @ LEMS | Computer Vision
... up quark and 2 down quarks. The up quarks have an electrical charge of 2e/3, while the down quarks have an electrical charge of -e/3. All have spin quantum numbers of 1/2 or -1/2. This means that while the neutron is electrically neutral, it still has spinning charges within, and hence can have a no ...
... up quark and 2 down quarks. The up quarks have an electrical charge of 2e/3, while the down quarks have an electrical charge of -e/3. All have spin quantum numbers of 1/2 or -1/2. This means that while the neutron is electrically neutral, it still has spinning charges within, and hence can have a no ...
(1) and
... Another big problem is missing energy Kinematic energy (=1/2Mv2) of Ia and CC SN are ~1051 erg. A large fraction should be converted to the thermal energy: kT = 3mv2/16 However observed thermal energy (kTe) is ~1049 erg This large missing energy would be contained in protons and other ions (the ion ...
... Another big problem is missing energy Kinematic energy (=1/2Mv2) of Ia and CC SN are ~1051 erg. A large fraction should be converted to the thermal energy: kT = 3mv2/16 However observed thermal energy (kTe) is ~1049 erg This large missing energy would be contained in protons and other ions (the ion ...
New Theory of Nuclear Fusion Processes in Sun and other
... continue to form, evolve, move, merge, combine, interact with other fields, dissipate and regenerate on a continuous basis much like a weather system. The heat produced in these fusion reactions will be absorbed by the plasma almost evenly across the sun due to extreme turbulence (Magneto hydrodynam ...
... continue to form, evolve, move, merge, combine, interact with other fields, dissipate and regenerate on a continuous basis much like a weather system. The heat produced in these fusion reactions will be absorbed by the plasma almost evenly across the sun due to extreme turbulence (Magneto hydrodynam ...
- Synchrotron emission: A brief history - Examples
... - The magnetic force is given by the Lorentz force - The magnetic force is perpendicular to the particle velocity - No power is transferred to the electron and its kinetic energy (mev2/2) remains constant - Therefore therefore is constant. ...
... - The magnetic force is given by the Lorentz force - The magnetic force is perpendicular to the particle velocity - No power is transferred to the electron and its kinetic energy (mev2/2) remains constant - Therefore therefore is constant. ...
Solution
... energy would be ≈ 108 eV . This value explains why pulsar are believed to be composed largely of neutrons rather than of protons and electrons, for the energy of release in the reaction n → p + e − is only 0.8 × 106 eV , which is not large enough to enable many electrons to form a Fermi sea. The neu ...
... energy would be ≈ 108 eV . This value explains why pulsar are believed to be composed largely of neutrons rather than of protons and electrons, for the energy of release in the reaction n → p + e − is only 0.8 × 106 eV , which is not large enough to enable many electrons to form a Fermi sea. The neu ...
OCR Physics P2 - Wey Valley School
... stable source of energy; transfers energy to Earth as light and heat transfer light into electricity; produce direct current (DC); can operate in remote locations; have a power that depends on the surface area exposed to sunlight low maintenance; no need for power cables; no need for fuel; long life ...
... stable source of energy; transfers energy to Earth as light and heat transfer light into electricity; produce direct current (DC); can operate in remote locations; have a power that depends on the surface area exposed to sunlight low maintenance; no need for power cables; no need for fuel; long life ...
1.6--NOTES--Detecting Radiation Nuclear Rxtns
... •fusion can only take place at extremely high temperatures (millions of C), since the particles must be moving extremely fast to be able to react. •temps like this can be found in the center of stars, such as our Sun. •fusion reactors have not yet been built yet on Earth. •fusion reactions also re ...
... •fusion can only take place at extremely high temperatures (millions of C), since the particles must be moving extremely fast to be able to react. •temps like this can be found in the center of stars, such as our Sun. •fusion reactors have not yet been built yet on Earth. •fusion reactions also re ...
Stellar evolution
... • The supernova can last weeks or months, and release as much energy as the sun does in its entire lifespan. • The supernova is a main source of heavy elements in the universe. • The remaining core will collapse into either a neutron star or a black hole. ...
... • The supernova can last weeks or months, and release as much energy as the sun does in its entire lifespan. • The supernova is a main source of heavy elements in the universe. • The remaining core will collapse into either a neutron star or a black hole. ...
Magnetic field generation by sound waves in the solar atmosphere
... stage where there is an extremely efficient current generation (see below). We give numerical estimates pertaining to a characteristic point in the transition region between the chromosphere and the corona. We set the plasma density n and temperature T, respectively, equal to 10" cm-3 and 10 eV. ...
... stage where there is an extremely efficient current generation (see below). We give numerical estimates pertaining to a characteristic point in the transition region between the chromosphere and the corona. We set the plasma density n and temperature T, respectively, equal to 10" cm-3 and 10 eV. ...
Plasma densities from spacecraft potential
... The potential near a probe (Vn) is influenced by the potential of the long radial wire booms that are at spacecraft potential. According to modelling, for Debye lengths longer than the probe system, can (Vn – V0) be lifted to be approximately 18 % of (Vs – V0), where Vs is the spacecraft potential ...
... The potential near a probe (Vn) is influenced by the potential of the long radial wire booms that are at spacecraft potential. According to modelling, for Debye lengths longer than the probe system, can (Vn – V0) be lifted to be approximately 18 % of (Vs – V0), where Vs is the spacecraft potential ...
Penning Traps: Precision Measurements on Single Ions
... Signal of a single stored and cooled ion in a Penning trap as a minimum in the noise spectrum of a superconducing oscillator circuit connected to the trap. direct determination of the cyclotron frequency. To apply this method, an ion is resonantly excited and ejected from the trap. A single such mea ...
... Signal of a single stored and cooled ion in a Penning trap as a minimum in the noise spectrum of a superconducing oscillator circuit connected to the trap. direct determination of the cyclotron frequency. To apply this method, an ion is resonantly excited and ejected from the trap. A single such mea ...
Harry Jabs - TeslaTech.info
... New physics shows that the quantum energy of space, zero point energy, is the power that leads to and sustains magnets. The energy exchange with the vacuum background photons, electrons and positrons account for the magnetic moment of the electron. Permanent Magnets are a collective effect of these ...
... New physics shows that the quantum energy of space, zero point energy, is the power that leads to and sustains magnets. The energy exchange with the vacuum background photons, electrons and positrons account for the magnetic moment of the electron. Permanent Magnets are a collective effect of these ...
NUCLEAR FISSION- a Tunneling Process NUCLEAR FUSION
... particles. Thus fusion takes place if the nuclei are rushing around at very high temperatures (roughly 108 K in a nuclear fusion bomb). The photons & A high energy particle coming from the right can other particles emitted come out with tunnel through the Coulomb barrier to an energy similar energie ...
... particles. Thus fusion takes place if the nuclei are rushing around at very high temperatures (roughly 108 K in a nuclear fusion bomb). The photons & A high energy particle coming from the right can other particles emitted come out with tunnel through the Coulomb barrier to an energy similar energie ...
Nuclear Physics - fission, fusion, and the stars
... particles. Thus fusion takes place if the nuclei are rushing around at very high temperatures (roughly 108 K in a nuclear fusion bomb). The photons & A high energy particle coming from the right can other particles emitted come out with tunnel through the Coulomb barrier to an energy similar energie ...
... particles. Thus fusion takes place if the nuclei are rushing around at very high temperatures (roughly 108 K in a nuclear fusion bomb). The photons & A high energy particle coming from the right can other particles emitted come out with tunnel through the Coulomb barrier to an energy similar energie ...
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... escaping particles is called the loss-cone. o The opening angle of the loss cone is not dependent on mass or charge. Electrons and protons are lost equally, if the plasma is collisionless. o Coulomb collisions scatter charged particles, changing their pitch angle. Thus a particle which originally ...
... escaping particles is called the loss-cone. o The opening angle of the loss cone is not dependent on mass or charge. Electrons and protons are lost equally, if the plasma is collisionless. o Coulomb collisions scatter charged particles, changing their pitch angle. Thus a particle which originally ...
Polywell
The polywell is a type of nuclear fusion reactor that uses an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. It is closely related to the magnetic mirror, the fusor, the biconic cusp and the high beta fusion reactor. A set of electromagnets generates a magnetic field which traps electrons. This creates a negative voltage, which attracts positive ions. As the ions accelerate towards the negative center, their kinetic energy rises. If the ions collide in the center, they can fuse.The polywell is one of many devices that use an electric field to heat ions to fusion conditions. This branch of fusion research is known as inertial electrostatic confinement. The polywell was developed by Robert Bussard, as an improvement over the fusor. His company, EMC2, Inc., developed the initial devices for the U.S. Navy.