Global Tectonics - dynamicearth.de
... K/U ratios similar to those in chondritic meteorites, which are higher than those in crustal rocks, the magnitude of the decrease would have been greater. The increased heat flow in Archean times implies that the mantle was hotter in the younger Earth than it is today. However, how much hotter and w ...
... K/U ratios similar to those in chondritic meteorites, which are higher than those in crustal rocks, the magnitude of the decrease would have been greater. The increased heat flow in Archean times implies that the mantle was hotter in the younger Earth than it is today. However, how much hotter and w ...
Garzione, C. N., P. Molnar, J. C. Libarkin, and B, MacFadden (2006), Rapid Late Miocene rise
... Historical changes in the source of moisture can influence the isotopic composition of high elevation precipitation, because different vapor transport pathways affect both the composition of source moisture and the degree of fractionation of a vapor mass [38]. It is therefore important to understand ...
... Historical changes in the source of moisture can influence the isotopic composition of high elevation precipitation, because different vapor transport pathways affect both the composition of source moisture and the degree of fractionation of a vapor mass [38]. It is therefore important to understand ...
geologic time, concepts, and principles
... Gould argued that Hutton's interpretation of uniformitarianism actually included a cyclical series of events in which all of Earth history was repeated with "repair" of the earlier age, much as many primal societies view time as a cyclical, rather than linear, phenomenon. Furthermore, the rates of g ...
... Gould argued that Hutton's interpretation of uniformitarianism actually included a cyclical series of events in which all of Earth history was repeated with "repair" of the earlier age, much as many primal societies view time as a cyclical, rather than linear, phenomenon. Furthermore, the rates of g ...
Thermal and chemical convection in planetary mantles
... melting history of the particle. This techniqueallows us to investigate the chemical convection induced by differentiation,whereasGurnis [1986a, b] was concernedby the chemical convection induced by subduction of crust. Christensen [1989b] and Christensen and Holmann [1994] calculate the chemical bu ...
... melting history of the particle. This techniqueallows us to investigate the chemical convection induced by differentiation,whereasGurnis [1986a, b] was concernedby the chemical convection induced by subduction of crust. Christensen [1989b] and Christensen and Holmann [1994] calculate the chemical bu ...
Implications of mantle plume structure for the evolution of flood basalts
... Morgan [1,2] suggested that continental flood basalts appear as the first volcanic expression of new mantle plumes. Experimental studies in viscous liquids have shown that new, or "starting", plumes should consist of a large bulbous head followed by a narrow feeder conduit. Analysis of the plume flo ...
... Morgan [1,2] suggested that continental flood basalts appear as the first volcanic expression of new mantle plumes. Experimental studies in viscous liquids have shown that new, or "starting", plumes should consist of a large bulbous head followed by a narrow feeder conduit. Analysis of the plume flo ...
Volcanoes and Earthquakes
... d. cinder cone. 12. Where are volcanoes most likely to form? a. near the center of continents c. along plate boundaries b. along bodies of water d. in mountainous areas 13. Which of these describes a possible climate change caused by a volcanic eruption? ...
... d. cinder cone. 12. Where are volcanoes most likely to form? a. near the center of continents c. along plate boundaries b. along bodies of water d. in mountainous areas 13. Which of these describes a possible climate change caused by a volcanic eruption? ...
PDF
... Figure 3. (A) Bathymetric profile through the Mariana Trench, fore arc, and arc; Mariana MODEL FOR INFANT-ARC CRUST Trough (active back-arc basin) West Mariana Ridge (remnant arc);Parece Vela Basin (extinct FORMATION: INFERENCES FROM back-arc basin); Palau-Kyushu Ridge (remnant arc); and West Philip ...
... Figure 3. (A) Bathymetric profile through the Mariana Trench, fore arc, and arc; Mariana MODEL FOR INFANT-ARC CRUST Trough (active back-arc basin) West Mariana Ridge (remnant arc);Parece Vela Basin (extinct FORMATION: INFERENCES FROM back-arc basin); Palau-Kyushu Ridge (remnant arc); and West Philip ...
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
... significant and far-reaching consequences in all fields of geology because it provides the basis for relating many seemingly unrelated phenomena. The interactions between moving plates determines the location of continents, ocean basins, and mountain systems, all of which, in turn, affect atmospher ...
... significant and far-reaching consequences in all fields of geology because it provides the basis for relating many seemingly unrelated phenomena. The interactions between moving plates determines the location of continents, ocean basins, and mountain systems, all of which, in turn, affect atmospher ...
Beyond Plate Tectonics: “Plate” Dynamics
... the reigning paradigm, temporarily replacing the more realistic alternative of a fault-based origin. Plumes fail on the basis of the geology and on the basis of first principles. In terms of first principles: “Mantle plumes” don’t burn through the plate:30 “An experiment with a moving lithosphere wa ...
... the reigning paradigm, temporarily replacing the more realistic alternative of a fault-based origin. Plumes fail on the basis of the geology and on the basis of first principles. In terms of first principles: “Mantle plumes” don’t burn through the plate:30 “An experiment with a moving lithosphere wa ...
On the origin of the asthenosphere
... 1992), and the following picture is well established (for a review see Hirschmann, 2010): below the mid-ocean ridges, hot materials ascend and the reduction of pressure leads to melting. Melting starts at ~ 100–150 km depth initially assisted by volatiles (water and/or carbon dioxide). The amount of ...
... 1992), and the following picture is well established (for a review see Hirschmann, 2010): below the mid-ocean ridges, hot materials ascend and the reduction of pressure leads to melting. Melting starts at ~ 100–150 km depth initially assisted by volatiles (water and/or carbon dioxide). The amount of ...
An Investigation of the carbonatites of the Kaapvaal Craton and their
... 1.2 Aims and objectives The hypothesis presented by this work is that carbonatites occur in extensional tectonic settings and therefore carbonatite occurrence can be used to constrain an extensional setting for related occurrences. This work aims to consider the validity of the hypothesis by consid ...
... 1.2 Aims and objectives The hypothesis presented by this work is that carbonatites occur in extensional tectonic settings and therefore carbonatite occurrence can be used to constrain an extensional setting for related occurrences. This work aims to consider the validity of the hypothesis by consid ...
Complex subduction and small-scale convection revealed by body
... both errors in the crust model and crust and uppermost mantle velocity variations that are not well constrained by our data. In areas with only TA data, good crossing ray coverage is not achieved until ~80 km depth. However, because we use more than 1700 stations in addition to the TA (N700 for S da ...
... both errors in the crust model and crust and uppermost mantle velocity variations that are not well constrained by our data. In areas with only TA data, good crossing ray coverage is not achieved until ~80 km depth. However, because we use more than 1700 stations in addition to the TA (N700 for S da ...
Campbell, I.H., Large Igneous Provinces and the mantle plume
... An obvious weakness of the thermal plume hypothesis is that it fails to explain a number of minor volcanic chains that stretch across the ocean basin and cannot be linked to LIPs. These appear to be the product of plume tails without heads. It has been suggested that the plumes responsible for these ...
... An obvious weakness of the thermal plume hypothesis is that it fails to explain a number of minor volcanic chains that stretch across the ocean basin and cannot be linked to LIPs. These appear to be the product of plume tails without heads. It has been suggested that the plumes responsible for these ...
Earth-9th-Edition-Tarbuck-Test-Bank
... 19) Which one of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands? A) stratovolcanoes associated with subduction and a convergent plate boundary B) shield volcanoes fed by a long-lived hot spot below the Pacific lithospheric plate C) shield volcanoes associated with a mi ...
... 19) Which one of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands? A) stratovolcanoes associated with subduction and a convergent plate boundary B) shield volcanoes fed by a long-lived hot spot below the Pacific lithospheric plate C) shield volcanoes associated with a mi ...
as a PDF
... silicate slurry at the top of the core, formed by stopping and entrainment, may be able to trap metal as it joins the base of the mantle. DIS may represent a transition region between mantle and core and therefore be intermediate in density and seismic velocity. The lowermost layer of the mantle is ...
... silicate slurry at the top of the core, formed by stopping and entrainment, may be able to trap metal as it joins the base of the mantle. DIS may represent a transition region between mantle and core and therefore be intermediate in density and seismic velocity. The lowermost layer of the mantle is ...
Characteristics and Petrogenesis of Alaskan-Type Ultramafic
... gabbro samples suggest that the gabbros are not cumulates but probably represent static crystallization of a differentiated liquid that had undergone substantial removal of olivine, clinopyroxene, and some hornblende. The markedly similarREE abundancelevels and patterns for the same rock types in al ...
... gabbro samples suggest that the gabbros are not cumulates but probably represent static crystallization of a differentiated liquid that had undergone substantial removal of olivine, clinopyroxene, and some hornblende. The markedly similarREE abundancelevels and patterns for the same rock types in al ...
Tectonic–climatic interaction
Tectonic–climatic interaction is the interrelationship between tectonic processes and the climate system. The tectonic processes in question include orogenesis, volcanism, and erosion, while relevant climatic processes include atmospheric circulation, orographic lift, monsoon circulation and the rain shadow effect. As the geological record of past climate changes over millions of years is sparse and poorly resolved, many questions remain unresolved regarding the nature of tectonic-climate interaction, although it is an area of active research by geologists and palaeoclimatologists.