Interactive comment on “Energy of plate tectonics calculation and
... AUTHOR: I respectfully have to disagree and this comment should be given no consideration. First, the work presented in the manuscript agrees closely with observations, experiments, and the work of others. The agreement is substantial and robust. Second, this Referee has not dedicated sufficient tim ...
... AUTHOR: I respectfully have to disagree and this comment should be given no consideration. First, the work presented in the manuscript agrees closely with observations, experiments, and the work of others. The agreement is substantial and robust. Second, this Referee has not dedicated sufficient tim ...
Imaging the seismic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary of the
... 1. Introduction [2] Oceanic tectonic plates form at mid‐oceanic ...
... 1. Introduction [2] Oceanic tectonic plates form at mid‐oceanic ...
How was Taiwan created?
... Eurasian plate. Strain states within the EU crust are different on each side of the western PH Sea plate boundary (extensional in the Okinawa Trough and northeastern Taiwan versus contractional for the rest of Taiwan Island). The B feature corresponds to the boundary between the continental and ocea ...
... Eurasian plate. Strain states within the EU crust are different on each side of the western PH Sea plate boundary (extensional in the Okinawa Trough and northeastern Taiwan versus contractional for the rest of Taiwan Island). The B feature corresponds to the boundary between the continental and ocea ...
Earth Inside Out Sculpting the
... could generate a band of low gravity: some of that cold, subducted seafloor must still be sinking within the mantle— and towing the planet’s surface downward in the process. If Hager’s explanation was correct, it meant that the mantle did not merely creep horizontally near the planet’s surface; whol ...
... could generate a band of low gravity: some of that cold, subducted seafloor must still be sinking within the mantle— and towing the planet’s surface downward in the process. If Hager’s explanation was correct, it meant that the mantle did not merely creep horizontally near the planet’s surface; whol ...
Earth and Planetary Science
... at along-trench distances of about 400 km (Challenger Deep) and 650 km (black curve in Fig. 6b). The long-wavelength along-trench variations are greatly reduced on trench-parallel profiles taken at across-trench distances of 100 km (the outer-rise region, red curve in Fig. 6b) and 550 km (far field, b ...
... at along-trench distances of about 400 km (Challenger Deep) and 650 km (black curve in Fig. 6b). The long-wavelength along-trench variations are greatly reduced on trench-parallel profiles taken at across-trench distances of 100 km (the outer-rise region, red curve in Fig. 6b) and 550 km (far field, b ...
CascadeArcRotation, Wells - Central Washington University
... blocks at 1.0°/m.y. over a linear melting source moving westward 1–4.5 km/m.y. due to slab rollback. Block motion and slab rollback are in opposite directions in the northern arc, but both are westerly in the southern extensional arc, where rollback may be enhanced by proximity to the edge of the Ju ...
... blocks at 1.0°/m.y. over a linear melting source moving westward 1–4.5 km/m.y. due to slab rollback. Block motion and slab rollback are in opposite directions in the northern arc, but both are westerly in the southern extensional arc, where rollback may be enhanced by proximity to the edge of the Ju ...
Powerpoint Presentation Physical Geology, 10/e
... beyond the base of the continental rise • flattest features on Earth, with slopes <0.01° • form where sufficient turbidity currents exist to completely bury rugged topography ...
... beyond the base of the continental rise • flattest features on Earth, with slopes <0.01° • form where sufficient turbidity currents exist to completely bury rugged topography ...
Document
... – cut into the continental shelf and slope – formed by turbidity currents (avalanche-like sediment movements) ...
... – cut into the continental shelf and slope – formed by turbidity currents (avalanche-like sediment movements) ...
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... Describe the difference in earthquake magnitudes that occur between the three types of plate boundaries, and include why these differences occur. Divergent plate boundary: The magnitude of energy release along divergent plate boundaries is closely related to the spreading rate. Earthquakes in the ri ...
... Describe the difference in earthquake magnitudes that occur between the three types of plate boundaries, and include why these differences occur. Divergent plate boundary: The magnitude of energy release along divergent plate boundaries is closely related to the spreading rate. Earthquakes in the ri ...
Self-subduction of the Pangaean global plate
... to their kinematic history and location (Fig. 1). The nature and distribution of these structures reflect an abrupt change in the supercontinent’s stress–strain state and are best explained as recording the onset of Pangaean self-subduction. For convenience, we first discuss structures in the interi ...
... to their kinematic history and location (Fig. 1). The nature and distribution of these structures reflect an abrupt change in the supercontinent’s stress–strain state and are best explained as recording the onset of Pangaean self-subduction. For convenience, we first discuss structures in the interi ...
1-Movement of Crustal Plates - Fellows
... The Theory of Continental Drift Not until the 1960’s did Holmes’ idea receive any attention. Greater understanding of the ocean floor and the discoveries of features like mid-ocean ridges, geomagnetic anomalies parallel to the mid-ocean ridges, and the association of island arcs and oceanic trenche ...
... The Theory of Continental Drift Not until the 1960’s did Holmes’ idea receive any attention. Greater understanding of the ocean floor and the discoveries of features like mid-ocean ridges, geomagnetic anomalies parallel to the mid-ocean ridges, and the association of island arcs and oceanic trenche ...
Thermal and metamorphic environment of subduction zone episodic
... and tremor, or ETS. It is difficult to precisely locate ETS. Surface GPS data can be well modeled by 2 cm of aseismic slip along the plate interface at depths of 30– 40 km [Dragert et al., 2001], but this solution is not unique. Locating the seismic tremor is challenging because of the lack of dist ...
... and tremor, or ETS. It is difficult to precisely locate ETS. Surface GPS data can be well modeled by 2 cm of aseismic slip along the plate interface at depths of 30– 40 km [Dragert et al., 2001], but this solution is not unique. Locating the seismic tremor is challenging because of the lack of dist ...
The Puzzling Plates – Part I
... represents the uppermost portion of the earth’s mantle, called the upper mantle. Plates that do not include continents are called oceanic plates. The Pacific Plate is the largest oceanic plate on Earth. The other Pacific oceanic plates you have in the puzzle are adjacent to (border) the Pacific Plat ...
... represents the uppermost portion of the earth’s mantle, called the upper mantle. Plates that do not include continents are called oceanic plates. The Pacific Plate is the largest oceanic plate on Earth. The other Pacific oceanic plates you have in the puzzle are adjacent to (border) the Pacific Plat ...
On the Driving Forces of Plate Tectonics
... Table 3 presents a comparison between the computed relative angular velocities and those of Chase (1972), for all plate pairs for which Chase had a reasonable number of measurements of both rate and direction. The agreement between computed and observed motions seems tolerable in view of the highly ...
... Table 3 presents a comparison between the computed relative angular velocities and those of Chase (1972), for all plate pairs for which Chase had a reasonable number of measurements of both rate and direction. The agreement between computed and observed motions seems tolerable in view of the highly ...
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... spreading rates cause variations in shape because of the way the cooling lithosphere behaves. Lithosphere near the ridge axis is young, thin, still hot, and therefore has a lower density than older, colder lithosphere far from the axis. As a result, the ridge axis area fl oats relatively high on the ...
... spreading rates cause variations in shape because of the way the cooling lithosphere behaves. Lithosphere near the ridge axis is young, thin, still hot, and therefore has a lower density than older, colder lithosphere far from the axis. As a result, the ridge axis area fl oats relatively high on the ...
Mantle Processes
... One way that mantle peridotites may melt is by plastic flow of large regions toward the surface (i.e., lower pressures). ...
... One way that mantle peridotites may melt is by plastic flow of large regions toward the surface (i.e., lower pressures). ...
Subduction-zone metamorphism, calc-alkaline - U
... subduction of Pacific metaclastic mélanges, low-density sialic crustal sections descend at plate-tectonic rates, and at great depth generate the HP–UHP prograde mineralogy of Alpine-type continental collisional complexes (Peacock, 1995; Ernst and Peacock, 1996). Migration of these decoupled sections ...
... subduction of Pacific metaclastic mélanges, low-density sialic crustal sections descend at plate-tectonic rates, and at great depth generate the HP–UHP prograde mineralogy of Alpine-type continental collisional complexes (Peacock, 1995; Ernst and Peacock, 1996). Migration of these decoupled sections ...
The structure and dynamics of the mantle wedge
... addition, the depth to the Benio¡ zone below volcanic arcs is typically around 100^125 km [4]. These geometrical relationships provide important constraints on the pathways of £uid and melt migration from the slab to the volcanic arc. Composition of arc lavas Chemical analyses of arc lavas provide f ...
... addition, the depth to the Benio¡ zone below volcanic arcs is typically around 100^125 km [4]. These geometrical relationships provide important constraints on the pathways of £uid and melt migration from the slab to the volcanic arc. Composition of arc lavas Chemical analyses of arc lavas provide f ...
as a PDF
... than the upper mantle. Slab width and, more importantly, rheology determine the role of viscous bending, poloidalsinking flow and toroidal-rollback stirring, and interactions of the slab with the higher viscosity lower mantle. Several of these contributions can be represented by a local sinking velo ...
... than the upper mantle. Slab width and, more importantly, rheology determine the role of viscous bending, poloidalsinking flow and toroidal-rollback stirring, and interactions of the slab with the higher viscosity lower mantle. Several of these contributions can be represented by a local sinking velo ...
Serpentinites - Elements Magazine
... occur near the base of the mantle wedge at depths greater than 10 km. In some forearc environments, buoyant serpentinites have been exhumed to the seafloor along normal faults and through tectonic processes, such as subduction erosion and the return flow of subducted material in a subduction channel ...
... occur near the base of the mantle wedge at depths greater than 10 km. In some forearc environments, buoyant serpentinites have been exhumed to the seafloor along normal faults and through tectonic processes, such as subduction erosion and the return flow of subducted material in a subduction channel ...
Chapter 4 Marine Sedimentation
... • For a time frame up to 1000 years, waves, currents and tides control sedimentation. • For a time frame up to 1,000,000 years, sea level lowered by glaciation controlled sedimentation and caused rivers to deposit their sediments at the shelf edge and onto the upper continental slope. • For a time f ...
... • For a time frame up to 1000 years, waves, currents and tides control sedimentation. • For a time frame up to 1,000,000 years, sea level lowered by glaciation controlled sedimentation and caused rivers to deposit their sediments at the shelf edge and onto the upper continental slope. • For a time f ...
Banda Arc Experiment—Transitions in the Banda Arc
... in the Initial Observations section above are not complete; however, preliminary results analyzing the high-frequency character of local deep focus direct P waves (Miller et al., 2016) and seismic anisotropy (Harris et al., 2015) are summarized here. Through waveform analysis of the many deep earthq ...
... in the Initial Observations section above are not complete; however, preliminary results analyzing the high-frequency character of local deep focus direct P waves (Miller et al., 2016) and seismic anisotropy (Harris et al., 2015) are summarized here. Through waveform analysis of the many deep earthq ...
The-Changing-Earth-5th-Edition-Monroe-Solution
... move away from each other; convergent boundaries, where two plates collide; and transform boundaries, where two plates slide past each other. ...
... move away from each other; convergent boundaries, where two plates collide; and transform boundaries, where two plates slide past each other. ...
The Ocean Floor
... Deep-sea trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean. The deepest one, the Marianas Trench in the South Pacific Ocean, is more than 35,000 feet (10,668 meters), or almost 6.6 miles (10.6 kilometers) deep. A Navy-owned submarine, the Trieste, still holds the record for diving to the bottom of the dee ...
... Deep-sea trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean. The deepest one, the Marianas Trench in the South Pacific Ocean, is more than 35,000 feet (10,668 meters), or almost 6.6 miles (10.6 kilometers) deep. A Navy-owned submarine, the Trieste, still holds the record for diving to the bottom of the dee ...
Subduction of young oceanic plates: A numerical study with
... 1986] and re‐equilibration with the mantle or by means of thermal‐chemical (cold) plumes resulting from Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities [Gerya and Yuen, 2003a], which may have genetic relations with adakite rocks formed at the surface as product of slab melting [Defant and Drummond, 1990; Martin, 1999 ...
... 1986] and re‐equilibration with the mantle or by means of thermal‐chemical (cold) plumes resulting from Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilities [Gerya and Yuen, 2003a], which may have genetic relations with adakite rocks formed at the surface as product of slab melting [Defant and Drummond, 1990; Martin, 1999 ...
Oceanic trench
The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor. Oceanic trenches are a distinctive morphological feature of convergent plate boundaries, along which lithospheric plates move towards each other at rates that vary from a few mm to over ten cm per year. A trench marks the position at which the flexed, subducting slab begins to descend beneath another lithospheric slab. Trenches are generally parallel to a volcanic island arc, and about 200 km (120 mi) from a volcanic arc. Oceanic trenches typically extend 3 to 4 km (1.9 to 2.5 mi) below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 11,034 m (36,201 ft) below sea level. Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about 3 km2/yr.