essentials-of-oceanography-10th-edition-trujillo-test
... Answer: Earthquakes are the result of releasing seismic energy by plate movements at the margins. When plates are diverging, the magnitude (strength) of the earthquake is inversely related to the spreading rate. Plates that diverge slowly are associated with higher magnitude quakes than faster movin ...
... Answer: Earthquakes are the result of releasing seismic energy by plate movements at the margins. When plates are diverging, the magnitude (strength) of the earthquake is inversely related to the spreading rate. Plates that diverge slowly are associated with higher magnitude quakes than faster movin ...
Student Edition Sample Chapter (3MB PDF)
... 3. Alfred Wegener thought that all continents were once connected. Explain one observation that led to this belief. 4. Why did scientists reject Wegener’s idea of continental drift? 5. In this section, you read that the development of the theory of plate tectonics is a good example of the scientific ...
... 3. Alfred Wegener thought that all continents were once connected. Explain one observation that led to this belief. 4. Why did scientists reject Wegener’s idea of continental drift? 5. In this section, you read that the development of the theory of plate tectonics is a good example of the scientific ...
1 Part 2. Oceanic Carbon and Nutrient Cycling Lecture Outline 1
... Global ocean biogenic CaCO3 sediment distribution and the Ca budget • Calcareous sediments found only in shallow ocean basins where conditions minimize tendency for dissolution • No CaCO3 is found over much of the abyssal plains (depths > 4500 m) • CaCO3 production in surface waters ≈ 5.3 x 1015 ...
... Global ocean biogenic CaCO3 sediment distribution and the Ca budget • Calcareous sediments found only in shallow ocean basins where conditions minimize tendency for dissolution • No CaCO3 is found over much of the abyssal plains (depths > 4500 m) • CaCO3 production in surface waters ≈ 5.3 x 1015 ...
14.2 Ocean Floor Features
... journey eastward across the Atlantic Ocean? The first area of ocean floor you would encounter is the continental shelf. The continental shelf is the gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline. The shelf is almost nonexistent along some coastlines. However, the shelf may extend seawa ...
... journey eastward across the Atlantic Ocean? The first area of ocean floor you would encounter is the continental shelf. The continental shelf is the gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline. The shelf is almost nonexistent along some coastlines. However, the shelf may extend seawa ...
"postorogenie" magmatism
... uplift, one result of which is to produce externally directed buoyancy forces that oppose those driving convergence (e.g., Turcotte, 1983). This could result from increased topography built up by compressional deformation, although this would not explain the thermal pulse. Thickening of the lithosph ...
... uplift, one result of which is to produce externally directed buoyancy forces that oppose those driving convergence (e.g., Turcotte, 1983). This could result from increased topography built up by compressional deformation, although this would not explain the thermal pulse. Thickening of the lithosph ...
Subducting slabs: Jellyfishes in the Earth`s mantle
... material discontinuity (i.e., that is advected with the flow) is imposed at z660 = 0.24 (∼660 km). The grid counts (64)3 (or level 6 octree) regularly spaced elements (or leaves) everywhere but in and around the slab where the resolution is increased to level 8, i.e., the element size is 1/256 of th ...
... material discontinuity (i.e., that is advected with the flow) is imposed at z660 = 0.24 (∼660 km). The grid counts (64)3 (or level 6 octree) regularly spaced elements (or leaves) everywhere but in and around the slab where the resolution is increased to level 8, i.e., the element size is 1/256 of th ...
1 The tectonic agenda
... an increase in density. At a constant depth and hence at constant pressure small lateral changes in temperature result in variations in the density. The strength of all materials, including peridotite, is a function of temperature; at asthenospheric temperatures (approximately 1300o C) peridotite ( ...
... an increase in density. At a constant depth and hence at constant pressure small lateral changes in temperature result in variations in the density. The strength of all materials, including peridotite, is a function of temperature; at asthenospheric temperatures (approximately 1300o C) peridotite ( ...
Chapter 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
... changes; continents waltz around this planet’s surface, variously combining and breaking apart through geologic time. The revolution began in 1960, when an American geologist, Harry Hess, proposed that as continents drift apart, new ocean floor forms between them by a process that his contemporary, ...
... changes; continents waltz around this planet’s surface, variously combining and breaking apart through geologic time. The revolution began in 1960, when an American geologist, Harry Hess, proposed that as continents drift apart, new ocean floor forms between them by a process that his contemporary, ...
Orogenic Belts and Orogenic Sediment Provenance
... composite orogens: magmatic arcs, obducted or accreted ophiolites, neometamorphic axial belts, accreted paleomargin remnants, and accreted orogenic clastic wedges. Detailed provenance studies on modern convergent-margin settings from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean show that erosion of eac ...
... composite orogens: magmatic arcs, obducted or accreted ophiolites, neometamorphic axial belts, accreted paleomargin remnants, and accreted orogenic clastic wedges. Detailed provenance studies on modern convergent-margin settings from the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean show that erosion of eac ...
1 Lecture 14 - Marine Sediments – Formation and Distribution
... is quite similar to what we do today. We categorize the type of sediments mostly by their source and composition. In the late 1940’s, the first recovery of a long core was achieved and that introduced the possibility of investigating sediments over time. Shortly afterward, a global ocean drilling pr ...
... is quite similar to what we do today. We categorize the type of sediments mostly by their source and composition. In the late 1940’s, the first recovery of a long core was achieved and that introduced the possibility of investigating sediments over time. Shortly afterward, a global ocean drilling pr ...
Seafloor spreading around Australia R. Dietmar Müller, Carmen
... established a continuous spreading centre in the Tasman Sea. At the same time the northern Lord Howe Rise became attached to the middle Lord Howe Rise after 260 km of left-lateral strike-slip motion. In the early Paleocene, Tasman Sea seafloor spreading propagated northward into the Cato Trough. Usi ...
... established a continuous spreading centre in the Tasman Sea. At the same time the northern Lord Howe Rise became attached to the middle Lord Howe Rise after 260 km of left-lateral strike-slip motion. In the early Paleocene, Tasman Sea seafloor spreading propagated northward into the Cato Trough. Usi ...
Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors Bulldozing the core
... that have been speculated to generate the PKIKP precursors (Vidale and Hedlin, 1998; Wen and Helmberger, 1998; Wen, 2000). It is likely that these small-scale chemical and thermal heterogeneities above the CMB are the sources of our observed seismic scatterers. The large variation observed in the pr ...
... that have been speculated to generate the PKIKP precursors (Vidale and Hedlin, 1998; Wen and Helmberger, 1998; Wen, 2000). It is likely that these small-scale chemical and thermal heterogeneities above the CMB are the sources of our observed seismic scatterers. The large variation observed in the pr ...
GalatheantheMuM profundale
... Dunn, 1983) did not specify (and cannot recall) the part of the column from which tissue was obtained, but it is likely to have been the scapulus. Some small specimens are attached to the tube of a larger one (Fig. 1G,H). This is not budding: the former is clearly attached to the latter rather than ...
... Dunn, 1983) did not specify (and cannot recall) the part of the column from which tissue was obtained, but it is likely to have been the scapulus. Some small specimens are attached to the tube of a larger one (Fig. 1G,H). This is not budding: the former is clearly attached to the latter rather than ...
plate boundaries
... (against each other). The graham cracker represents the thin but dense oceanic plate and the science textbook represents the thicker but less dense continental plate. Now you are ready to model a convergent plate boundary. 3. Slowly push the graham cracker and science textbook toward each other. Gen ...
... (against each other). The graham cracker represents the thin but dense oceanic plate and the science textbook represents the thicker but less dense continental plate. Now you are ready to model a convergent plate boundary. 3. Slowly push the graham cracker and science textbook toward each other. Gen ...
Physics and chemistry of the Earth`s interior – Oceanic
... Plate model: There is a limit to the lithospheric thickness available for cooling ...
... Plate model: There is a limit to the lithospheric thickness available for cooling ...
Mantle structure and tectonic history of SE Asia
... Seismic travel-time tomography of the mantle under SE Asia reveals patterns of subduction-related seismic Pwave velocity anomalies that are of great value in helping to understand the region's tectonic development. We discuss tomography and tectonic interpretations of an area centred on Indonesia an ...
... Seismic travel-time tomography of the mantle under SE Asia reveals patterns of subduction-related seismic Pwave velocity anomalies that are of great value in helping to understand the region's tectonic development. We discuss tomography and tectonic interpretations of an area centred on Indonesia an ...
Using Igneous Rocks to Probe the Evolution of the Lithosphere Terry
... Daley, 2000; Wang, et al., 2001) and so complement seismic observations on the in situ state of the sub-continental mantle. While it is often difficult to uniquely constrain temperature, melt content, and composition with seismic or petrologic data alone, the combination is potentially powerful. Lik ...
... Daley, 2000; Wang, et al., 2001) and so complement seismic observations on the in situ state of the sub-continental mantle. While it is often difficult to uniquely constrain temperature, melt content, and composition with seismic or petrologic data alone, the combination is potentially powerful. Lik ...
- Stanford University
... The true sharp discontinuity, identified by the two-dimensional studies, between the felsic upper crust and mafic lower crust is smoothed vertically in the model. A strong lateral velocity contrast is observed in the lower crust centered under the San Andreas fault and Mendocino fracture zone (Fig. ...
... The true sharp discontinuity, identified by the two-dimensional studies, between the felsic upper crust and mafic lower crust is smoothed vertically in the model. A strong lateral velocity contrast is observed in the lower crust centered under the San Andreas fault and Mendocino fracture zone (Fig. ...
Plate Tectonics
... • Wegener thought that mountains formed as continents ran into each other. This got around the problem of the leading hypothesis of the day, which was that Earth had been a molten ball that bulked up in spots as it cooled (the problem with this idea was that the mountains should all be the same age ...
... • Wegener thought that mountains formed as continents ran into each other. This got around the problem of the leading hypothesis of the day, which was that Earth had been a molten ball that bulked up in spots as it cooled (the problem with this idea was that the mountains should all be the same age ...
Chapter 5: Marine Sediments
... Oceanographers decipher Earth history through studying sediments ...
... Oceanographers decipher Earth history through studying sediments ...
Passive Continental Margin Around East Coast India
... passive margins give way to formation of normal oceanic crust from the widening rifts, mmagmatic plume activities cause seaward dipping reflectors and may be used to demarcate continental and oceanic crust margin. Presently the seismic data is confined to Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) where only on ...
... passive margins give way to formation of normal oceanic crust from the widening rifts, mmagmatic plume activities cause seaward dipping reflectors and may be used to demarcate continental and oceanic crust margin. Presently the seismic data is confined to Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) where only on ...
Science Article PDF - Geological Society of America
... and Lawver et al. [1995]), because the more we learn about its structure and morphology, the more difficult it is to postulate a simple model to explain its tectonic evolution. Subduction has occurred along the southern South America–Antarctic Peninsula margin for most of the past 200 m.y. (Tanner e ...
... and Lawver et al. [1995]), because the more we learn about its structure and morphology, the more difficult it is to postulate a simple model to explain its tectonic evolution. Subduction has occurred along the southern South America–Antarctic Peninsula margin for most of the past 200 m.y. (Tanner e ...
Numerical Geodynamic Modeling of Continental Convergent Margins
... under the convergent forces of lateral ridge push and/or oceanic slab pull (Turcotte and Schubert, 2002). During these scenarios, a large amount of positively buoyant materials enter the trench causing slow down of the convergence that, eventually, may stop. However, before collision ceases, converg ...
... under the convergent forces of lateral ridge push and/or oceanic slab pull (Turcotte and Schubert, 2002). During these scenarios, a large amount of positively buoyant materials enter the trench causing slow down of the convergence that, eventually, may stop. However, before collision ceases, converg ...
Ch 14 OIB mod 7
... • N-MORBs involve shallow melting of passively rising upper mantle → a significant volume of depleted upper mantle (DM which has lost lithophile elements to melts which ended in late fractionation rocks, and which has lost He). • OIBs seem to originate from deeper levels. Major- and trace-element da ...
... • N-MORBs involve shallow melting of passively rising upper mantle → a significant volume of depleted upper mantle (DM which has lost lithophile elements to melts which ended in late fractionation rocks, and which has lost He). • OIBs seem to originate from deeper levels. Major- and trace-element da ...
Features of Plate Tectonics
... Rising currents of magma eventually reach Earth’s surface at spreading centres. If a spreading centre occurs in the ocean, it is called a spreading ridge, or oceanic ridge; if it occurs on land, which is less common, it is called a rift valley. Magma cools as it reaches the surface and becomes “new” ...
... Rising currents of magma eventually reach Earth’s surface at spreading centres. If a spreading centre occurs in the ocean, it is called a spreading ridge, or oceanic ridge; if it occurs on land, which is less common, it is called a rift valley. Magma cools as it reaches the surface and becomes “new” ...
Oceanic trench
The oceanic trenches are hemispheric-scale long but narrow topographic depressions of the sea floor. They are also the deepest parts of the ocean floor. Oceanic trenches are a distinctive morphological feature of convergent plate boundaries, along which lithospheric plates move towards each other at rates that vary from a few mm to over ten cm per year. A trench marks the position at which the flexed, subducting slab begins to descend beneath another lithospheric slab. Trenches are generally parallel to a volcanic island arc, and about 200 km (120 mi) from a volcanic arc. Oceanic trenches typically extend 3 to 4 km (1.9 to 2.5 mi) below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor. The greatest ocean depth to be sounded is in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 11,034 m (36,201 ft) below sea level. Oceanic lithosphere moves into trenches at a global rate of about 3 km2/yr.