13-1
... 39. Describe how a line of hot-spot volcanoes might have formed, if individual volcanoes do not have any particular age relationship to each another. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ______________________ ...
... 39. Describe how a line of hot-spot volcanoes might have formed, if individual volcanoes do not have any particular age relationship to each another. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ ______________________ ...
plate tectonics
... plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle. • Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of gra ...
... plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle. • Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of gra ...
Volcanoes and Igneous Activity Earth
... plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle. • Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of grav ...
... plate motion in which cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the mantle and “pulls” the trailing lithosphere along. It is thought to be the primary downward arm of convective flow in the mantle. • Ridge-push causes oceanic lithosphere to slide down the sides of the oceanic ridge under the pull of grav ...
Chapter 13 Next Generation Sunshine State Standards
... tration shows the varied topography. Such profiles usually have their vertical dimension exaggerated many times— 40 times in this case—to make topographic features more conspicuous. Vertical exaggeration, however, makes slopes shown in seafloor profiles appear to be much steeper than they actually a ...
... tration shows the varied topography. Such profiles usually have their vertical dimension exaggerated many times— 40 times in this case—to make topographic features more conspicuous. Vertical exaggeration, however, makes slopes shown in seafloor profiles appear to be much steeper than they actually a ...
Chapter 14. Biogenic and authigenic sediment
... (b) Respiration of bacteria and infauna requires food in addition to electron acceptors for respiration. So, bacteria in sediments that receive lots of organic carbon may use up all the electron acceptors until there is nothing but sulfate to use. When even this runs out, then organics are used and ...
... (b) Respiration of bacteria and infauna requires food in addition to electron acceptors for respiration. So, bacteria in sediments that receive lots of organic carbon may use up all the electron acceptors until there is nothing but sulfate to use. When even this runs out, then organics are used and ...
Layers of the Earth Notes The Earth is made of 4
... This crust is not a solid shell. It is broken up into huge, thick plates that drift on top of the soft, underlying mantle. ...
... This crust is not a solid shell. It is broken up into huge, thick plates that drift on top of the soft, underlying mantle. ...
GEOL_106_lecture_03_..
... to the point where it expands and becomes less dense than the material above it. When this occurs, the hot less dense material rises. In a confined space, rising hot material will eventually cool and become denser than its surroundings. This cool dense material must then sink. This gives rise to con ...
... to the point where it expands and becomes less dense than the material above it. When this occurs, the hot less dense material rises. In a confined space, rising hot material will eventually cool and become denser than its surroundings. This cool dense material must then sink. This gives rise to con ...
GEO 112, Spring 2008 Laboratory exercise #1
... What change(s) in the local environment might have caused this change in deposition rate? (several possible correct answers!) _Any answer is fine as long as it is justified. Less rainfall; drier climate; water diverted to another area somehow; more rainfall (faster floods and less time to deposit se ...
... What change(s) in the local environment might have caused this change in deposition rate? (several possible correct answers!) _Any answer is fine as long as it is justified. Less rainfall; drier climate; water diverted to another area somehow; more rainfall (faster floods and less time to deposit se ...
appendix 3
... Earth's plates was first recognized by J. T. Wilson. The Wilson cycle begins with a rising plume of magma and thinning of the overlying crust. As the crust continues to thin due to extensional tectonic forces, an ocean basin forms and sediments accumulate along its margins. Subsequently, subduction ...
... Earth's plates was first recognized by J. T. Wilson. The Wilson cycle begins with a rising plume of magma and thinning of the overlying crust. As the crust continues to thin due to extensional tectonic forces, an ocean basin forms and sediments accumulate along its margins. Subsequently, subduction ...
1 Kinematic reconstruction of the central US and
... crustal structure and stratigraphy of the subsiding margin are fairly well preserved. Modern geophysical tools such as those available on the R/V Marcus Langseth and arrays of land and ocean-bottom seismometers will allow us to image the deep structure better than before. Our understanding of the th ...
... crustal structure and stratigraphy of the subsiding margin are fairly well preserved. Modern geophysical tools such as those available on the R/V Marcus Langseth and arrays of land and ocean-bottom seismometers will allow us to image the deep structure better than before. Our understanding of the th ...
Plate Tectonics
... • Fossils found in Antarctic soil indicate that the now frigid continent was once lush with trees and ferns, and home to dinosaurs, amphibians, and later, marsupials. ...
... • Fossils found in Antarctic soil indicate that the now frigid continent was once lush with trees and ferns, and home to dinosaurs, amphibians, and later, marsupials. ...
Chapter 2
... Earthquakes in Subduction Zones The largest and the deepest earthquakes occur in subduction zones. The location of most earthquakes define the top surface of a slab as it slides into the mantle (the surface to as deep as 670 km). Quakes deeper than 100 km are more likely associated with faults caus ...
... Earthquakes in Subduction Zones The largest and the deepest earthquakes occur in subduction zones. The location of most earthquakes define the top surface of a slab as it slides into the mantle (the surface to as deep as 670 km). Quakes deeper than 100 km are more likely associated with faults caus ...
176KB - NZQA
... The North Island volcanoes are formed because magma is produced when the Pacific plate is forced under the Australian plate, ‘subduction’. As the denser oceanic crust of the Pacific plate is forced down below the less dense continental crust of the Australian plate, it carries water down with it. Fr ...
... The North Island volcanoes are formed because magma is produced when the Pacific plate is forced under the Australian plate, ‘subduction’. As the denser oceanic crust of the Pacific plate is forced down below the less dense continental crust of the Australian plate, it carries water down with it. Fr ...
A proposed biogeography of the deep ocean floor
... Zezina (1997) reviewed the distributional studies of the bathyal fauna, but mainly classified bathyal regions according to the distributions of brachiopods. She considered the bathyal fauna to be divisible into four main latitudinal climatic belts: (1) those corresponding to the distributional limits ...
... Zezina (1997) reviewed the distributional studies of the bathyal fauna, but mainly classified bathyal regions according to the distributions of brachiopods. She considered the bathyal fauna to be divisible into four main latitudinal climatic belts: (1) those corresponding to the distributional limits ...
Lecture Notes on Convection and Plate Tectonics
... Lecture Notes on Convection and Plate Tectonics © 2002 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico* ...
... Lecture Notes on Convection and Plate Tectonics © 2002 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico* ...
File - Mr Vincent Science
... As an oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continent, the sediments on the upper surface of the lower plate will be scraped off to produce a wedge of sediment called an accretionary wedge. Where the accretionary wedge is forced directly against the leading edge of continental crust, the subducting p ...
... As an oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continent, the sediments on the upper surface of the lower plate will be scraped off to produce a wedge of sediment called an accretionary wedge. Where the accretionary wedge is forced directly against the leading edge of continental crust, the subducting p ...
tectonics2
... convection. Hot mantle material rises at ridges and cooler mantle material sinks at subduction zones. ...
... convection. Hot mantle material rises at ridges and cooler mantle material sinks at subduction zones. ...
Sea-Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics
... what amounts to a geologic collage. Terranes have paleomagnetic signatures that indicate a distant origin, and they have little in common geologically with adjacent terranes or the stable continental ...
... what amounts to a geologic collage. Terranes have paleomagnetic signatures that indicate a distant origin, and they have little in common geologically with adjacent terranes or the stable continental ...
Unit 4: Crustal Change
... B. In the 1950’s, scientists accurately mapped the seafloor. See text p.398-399 What they discovered: 1. Long chains of volcanoes called Mid Ocean Ridges, were found on the ocean floor. (see text p.396-397) Ex. Mid-Atlantic Ridge (see text p.401) Image- Mid Atlantic Ridge mid atlantic ridge- Iceland ...
... B. In the 1950’s, scientists accurately mapped the seafloor. See text p.398-399 What they discovered: 1. Long chains of volcanoes called Mid Ocean Ridges, were found on the ocean floor. (see text p.396-397) Ex. Mid-Atlantic Ridge (see text p.401) Image- Mid Atlantic Ridge mid atlantic ridge- Iceland ...
Deep sea, the last great unexplored earth - Archimer
... maxillipeds to ingest its epibiotic microbial community composed of epsilon-proteobacterial, gammaproteobacterial thiotrophs, and occasionally of gamma-proteobacterial methanotrophs, and S. crosnieri assimilates these epibiotic Bacteria in the intestine as nutrition source. Dr Karine Alain (CNRS-UBO ...
... maxillipeds to ingest its epibiotic microbial community composed of epsilon-proteobacterial, gammaproteobacterial thiotrophs, and occasionally of gamma-proteobacterial methanotrophs, and S. crosnieri assimilates these epibiotic Bacteria in the intestine as nutrition source. Dr Karine Alain (CNRS-UBO ...
Plate Tectonics Wholly, completely
... shape, and have definite borders that cut through continents and oceans alike. Oceanic crust is much thinner (about 5 km) and denser than continental or terrestrial crust. There are nine large plates and a number of smaller plates. While most plates are comprised of both continental and oceanic crus ...
... shape, and have definite borders that cut through continents and oceans alike. Oceanic crust is much thinner (about 5 km) and denser than continental or terrestrial crust. There are nine large plates and a number of smaller plates. While most plates are comprised of both continental and oceanic crus ...
Plate_tectonics_Ss_2014
... shape, and have definite borders that cut through continents and oceans alike. Oceanic crust is much thinner (about 5 km) and denser than continental or terrestrial crust. There are nine large plates and a number of smaller plates. While most plates are comprised of both continental and oceanic crus ...
... shape, and have definite borders that cut through continents and oceans alike. Oceanic crust is much thinner (about 5 km) and denser than continental or terrestrial crust. There are nine large plates and a number of smaller plates. While most plates are comprised of both continental and oceanic crus ...
Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds
... Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading • Most divergent plate boundaries are associated with oceanic ridges – Elevated seafloor with high heat flow and volcanism – Longest topographic feature on Earth’s surface (covers 20% of surface) – Crest is 2 to 3 km higher than adjacent basin and c ...
... Divergent Plate Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading • Most divergent plate boundaries are associated with oceanic ridges – Elevated seafloor with high heat flow and volcanism – Longest topographic feature on Earth’s surface (covers 20% of surface) – Crest is 2 to 3 km higher than adjacent basin and c ...
Marine Sediments and Climate History
... During glacial periods cooler temperatures in the North Atlantic may have reduced the Gulf Stream flow, and shut down associated NADW production, cutting off the flow of thermal energy to the North Atlantic. ...
... During glacial periods cooler temperatures in the North Atlantic may have reduced the Gulf Stream flow, and shut down associated NADW production, cutting off the flow of thermal energy to the North Atlantic. ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.