Late 20th Century Tests of the Continental Drift Hypothesis
... Eons (nearly 4,000 million years), the ocean is missing most of the earlier part of that record (all but the last 100-200 my). The oceanic crust, in other words, is evidently only about 1/5 as old as the continents. Because much of the older rock is actually marine sediment, this doesn’t make sense. ...
... Eons (nearly 4,000 million years), the ocean is missing most of the earlier part of that record (all but the last 100-200 my). The oceanic crust, in other words, is evidently only about 1/5 as old as the continents. Because much of the older rock is actually marine sediment, this doesn’t make sense. ...
PLATE TECTONICS
... Divergent Boundary is formed “Sea-floor spreading” is a type of divergent boundary in which new ocean floor is formed This is a ‘constructive’ boundary where new lithosphere is created ...
... Divergent Boundary is formed “Sea-floor spreading” is a type of divergent boundary in which new ocean floor is formed This is a ‘constructive’ boundary where new lithosphere is created ...
chlorophyll concentration estimated from irradiance measurements
... and Y to within 1% using irradiances at 412, 443 and 555 nm. One application of this method is to interpret data from sensors attached to single-line, bottom-tethered moorings. 1. INTRODUCTION Optical moorings are a relatively new addition to the oceanographic field.1 In response to the recent and i ...
... and Y to within 1% using irradiances at 412, 443 and 555 nm. One application of this method is to interpret data from sensors attached to single-line, bottom-tethered moorings. 1. INTRODUCTION Optical moorings are a relatively new addition to the oceanographic field.1 In response to the recent and i ...
Seafloor Spreading - Teacher Site Home
... Why? In the plate tectonic model, Earth’s tectonic plates rift apart at oceanic spreading centers. There, upwelling magma cools, and crystallizes forming new igneous rocks along the edge of the plates. As seafloor spreading continues the new rocks move away from the spreading zone. Here, we analyze ...
... Why? In the plate tectonic model, Earth’s tectonic plates rift apart at oceanic spreading centers. There, upwelling magma cools, and crystallizes forming new igneous rocks along the edge of the plates. As seafloor spreading continues the new rocks move away from the spreading zone. Here, we analyze ...
Plate Tectonics - University of Colorado Boulder
... magnetometers dragged behind aircraft or ships. ...
... magnetometers dragged behind aircraft or ships. ...
Workshop_Ackleson
... 1994: UNCLOS, established an international legal framework defining ocean-related rights and responsibilities of nations. 1999: Joint Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, established by WMO and IOC to coordinate international activities in oceanographic and atmospheric research. 1999: ...
... 1994: UNCLOS, established an international legal framework defining ocean-related rights and responsibilities of nations. 1999: Joint Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology, established by WMO and IOC to coordinate international activities in oceanographic and atmospheric research. 1999: ...
Evolution of Ocean Observatories
... 1987: International Geosphere/Biosphere Program, established to coordinate international efforts to determine the impact of human activities on natural processes. 1992: Global Ocean Observing System, support office established under aegis of IOC and other international environmental groups. 1994: UN ...
... 1987: International Geosphere/Biosphere Program, established to coordinate international efforts to determine the impact of human activities on natural processes. 1992: Global Ocean Observing System, support office established under aegis of IOC and other international environmental groups. 1994: UN ...
4. The Relief of the Oceanic Basement and the Structure of the Front of
... prominent but locally narrow trough, along which runs the Barracuda Fracture Zone. At about 16°N (C, Fig. 3) lies another less prominent, WNW-trending ridge with a trough to the south of it. This is also the site of another fracture zone, as shown by the magnetic anomaly pattern (Fig. 6). The Bougue ...
... prominent but locally narrow trough, along which runs the Barracuda Fracture Zone. At about 16°N (C, Fig. 3) lies another less prominent, WNW-trending ridge with a trough to the south of it. This is also the site of another fracture zone, as shown by the magnetic anomaly pattern (Fig. 6). The Bougue ...
Continental Drift
... • Controls the speed and direction of plate motions. • Gravity pulls the dense, subducted slab down, this is called slab pull. • Mid-ocean ridges are high areas, plates created here “slide” downhill away from the divergent boundary, this is called gravity sliding. • Convection cells in the mantle ma ...
... • Controls the speed and direction of plate motions. • Gravity pulls the dense, subducted slab down, this is called slab pull. • Mid-ocean ridges are high areas, plates created here “slide” downhill away from the divergent boundary, this is called gravity sliding. • Convection cells in the mantle ma ...
File
... Crust, mantle, and core differ from each other in chemical composition. It's understandable that scientists know the most about the crust, and less about deeper layers. Earth’s crust is a thin, brittle outer shell. The crust is made of rock. This layer is thinner under the oceans and much thicker in ...
... Crust, mantle, and core differ from each other in chemical composition. It's understandable that scientists know the most about the crust, and less about deeper layers. Earth’s crust is a thin, brittle outer shell. The crust is made of rock. This layer is thinner under the oceans and much thicker in ...
high-res
... • 3) Experiments test if hypothesis is valid – Can hypothesis predict the results for related phenomena? • Too little known about the ocean floor and Earth’s interior. • Hypothesis incomplete because it doesn’t address the oceans themselves. • BUT - from 1930’s through 1950’s much was learned a ...
... • 3) Experiments test if hypothesis is valid – Can hypothesis predict the results for related phenomena? • Too little known about the ocean floor and Earth’s interior. • Hypothesis incomplete because it doesn’t address the oceans themselves. • BUT - from 1930’s through 1950’s much was learned a ...
Plate Tectonics 2
... • 3) Experiments test if hypothesis is valid – Can hypothesis predict the results for related phenomena? • Too little known about the ocean floor and Earth’s interior. • Hypothesis incomplete because it doesn’t address the oceans themselves. • BUT - from 1930’s through 1950’s much was learned a ...
... • 3) Experiments test if hypothesis is valid – Can hypothesis predict the results for related phenomena? • Too little known about the ocean floor and Earth’s interior. • Hypothesis incomplete because it doesn’t address the oceans themselves. • BUT - from 1930’s through 1950’s much was learned a ...
Variations in the structure and rheology of the lithosphere.
... young orogenic belts and the ancient Precambrian shields are responsible for first-order variations in tectonic history seen at the Earth’s surface over geological time. The last decade has seen a number of developments in the understanding of the lithosphere, some of which have challenged previousl ...
... young orogenic belts and the ancient Precambrian shields are responsible for first-order variations in tectonic history seen at the Earth’s surface over geological time. The last decade has seen a number of developments in the understanding of the lithosphere, some of which have challenged previousl ...
File - Mr. Tugman`s Earth Science
... As certain rocks form, they acquire the polarity that Earth’s magnetic field has at the time. These rocks possess paleomagnetism. How does a rock become magnetized? Many igneous rocks contain magnetite, an iron-rich mineral. As the rock cools and hardens, the iron-rich mineral grains become magnetize ...
... As certain rocks form, they acquire the polarity that Earth’s magnetic field has at the time. These rocks possess paleomagnetism. How does a rock become magnetized? Many igneous rocks contain magnetite, an iron-rich mineral. As the rock cools and hardens, the iron-rich mineral grains become magnetize ...
Crustal Scale Interpretation
... There is erosion of the continental margin at some subduction zones, such as western South America. We can this subduction erosion. It erodes the continental crust and returns some of the crust into the mantle. ...
... There is erosion of the continental margin at some subduction zones, such as western South America. We can this subduction erosion. It erodes the continental crust and returns some of the crust into the mantle. ...
Blue growth in the deep sea: balancing economic and
... And its hided net with meshes set, Odd fishes to entangle! The ship may move thro’ the waves above, ‘Mid scenes exciting wonder, But braver sights the dredge delights, As it roves the waters under….. Blue growth and the deep sea ...
... And its hided net with meshes set, Odd fishes to entangle! The ship may move thro’ the waves above, ‘Mid scenes exciting wonder, But braver sights the dredge delights, As it roves the waters under….. Blue growth and the deep sea ...
Fundamental Characteristics of Hydrothermal Submarine Systems
... sources of 3He exist only in the mantle below the Earth’s crust (Truesdell, 1998) and therefore this isotope is indicative of magmatic sources. Physical conditions in reaction zones are near the critical point of seawater, where fluids become buoyant and rapidly rise to the surface through upflow zo ...
... sources of 3He exist only in the mantle below the Earth’s crust (Truesdell, 1998) and therefore this isotope is indicative of magmatic sources. Physical conditions in reaction zones are near the critical point of seawater, where fluids become buoyant and rapidly rise to the surface through upflow zo ...
Mesozoic Plate Tectonics
... 1. What were the continents doing at the beginning of the Paleozoic? 2. When did Pangaea start breaking apart? What is the first thing that happens? 3. By the end of the Jurassic what was happening to Pangaea? What was the name of the northern continent? What was the name of the southern continent? ...
... 1. What were the continents doing at the beginning of the Paleozoic? 2. When did Pangaea start breaking apart? What is the first thing that happens? 3. By the end of the Jurassic what was happening to Pangaea? What was the name of the northern continent? What was the name of the southern continent? ...
CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Sea Floor
... into fractures, is heated by hot rock or magma, and emerges as mineral-laden plumes of hot water. Tube worms and other unusual life forms utilize this energy source. See Box, p. 306-307 N. Lindsley-Griffin, 1999 ...
... into fractures, is heated by hot rock or magma, and emerges as mineral-laden plumes of hot water. Tube worms and other unusual life forms utilize this energy source. See Box, p. 306-307 N. Lindsley-Griffin, 1999 ...
Exam #3 –- All numbered questions are given equal weight in the
... A) 0 million years B) 6 million years C) 8 million years D) 10 million years 38) How old is the oceanic crust at point Q at the boundary between the green and blue magnetic anomalies? A) 0 million years B) 6 million years C) 8 million years D) 10 million years GPS has been used to measure the veloci ...
... A) 0 million years B) 6 million years C) 8 million years D) 10 million years 38) How old is the oceanic crust at point Q at the boundary between the green and blue magnetic anomalies? A) 0 million years B) 6 million years C) 8 million years D) 10 million years GPS has been used to measure the veloci ...
Intra-Panthalassa Ocean subduction zones revealed by fossil arcs
... Ocean into a western and eastern realm, separated by a north–south trending belt of intra-oceanic subduction zones. We name the eastern part the Thalassa Ocean(s), hosting the preserved parts of the Izanagi, Pacific, Phoenix and Farallon plates. The western part we denote Pontus Ocean, of which all ...
... Ocean into a western and eastern realm, separated by a north–south trending belt of intra-oceanic subduction zones. We name the eastern part the Thalassa Ocean(s), hosting the preserved parts of the Izanagi, Pacific, Phoenix and Farallon plates. The western part we denote Pontus Ocean, of which all ...
Plates on the Move
... The position of the continents today. The continents are still slowly moving, at about the speed your fingernails grow. Satellite measurements have confirmed that every year the Atlantic Ocean gets a few inches wider! ...
... The position of the continents today. The continents are still slowly moving, at about the speed your fingernails grow. Satellite measurements have confirmed that every year the Atlantic Ocean gets a few inches wider! ...
Steady-state creation of crust-free lithosphere at cold spots in mid
... wet melting tends to produce liquids enriched in incompatible elements, which could explain the recovery of H2O- and alkali-rich basalts near the Romanche (Honnorez and Bonatti, 1970; Bonatti et al., 1979; Schilling et al., 1995). Petrology suggests that most of the little melt produced near the off ...
... wet melting tends to produce liquids enriched in incompatible elements, which could explain the recovery of H2O- and alkali-rich basalts near the Romanche (Honnorez and Bonatti, 1970; Bonatti et al., 1979; Schilling et al., 1995). Petrology suggests that most of the little melt produced near the off ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.