Chapter 46 – Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps
... ecosystems, though many questions remain open about their distribution, diversity, functioning and environmental features that limit the ability to estimate associated ecosystem services (Armstrong et al., 2012). Nevertheless, deep-sea vents and seeps represent one of the most physically and chemica ...
... ecosystems, though many questions remain open about their distribution, diversity, functioning and environmental features that limit the ability to estimate associated ecosystem services (Armstrong et al., 2012). Nevertheless, deep-sea vents and seeps represent one of the most physically and chemica ...
Lecture 2
... Do conservative major ions have a constant concentration in the ocean? Q Law of Constant Proportions (major ion/S‰ = constant) Knudsen equation ( S = 0.030 + 1.8050 Cl‰) More recently (S‰ = 1.8065 Cl‰) The Law breaks down in estuaries, evaporite basins, hydrothermal vents. Q ...
... Do conservative major ions have a constant concentration in the ocean? Q Law of Constant Proportions (major ion/S‰ = constant) Knudsen equation ( S = 0.030 + 1.8050 Cl‰) More recently (S‰ = 1.8065 Cl‰) The Law breaks down in estuaries, evaporite basins, hydrothermal vents. Q ...
tectonic plates
... At trenches, an oceanic plate is cold and dense. Gravity pulls the plate edge down into the mantle, dragging the rest of the plate after it. This explanation of plate movement takes account of: • ridges • trenches • convection currents ...
... At trenches, an oceanic plate is cold and dense. Gravity pulls the plate edge down into the mantle, dragging the rest of the plate after it. This explanation of plate movement takes account of: • ridges • trenches • convection currents ...
Spirula
... • Several thousand species have adaptations that allow them to survive in the deep-sea environment. • The lack of light has had the most impact in shaping the organisms of the deep sea. • Many deep-sea animals exhibit ...
... • Several thousand species have adaptations that allow them to survive in the deep-sea environment. • The lack of light has had the most impact in shaping the organisms of the deep sea. • Many deep-sea animals exhibit ...
Evidence for both crustal and mantle earthquakes in the subducting
... with our observation, that the upper and lower seismic layer represent the brittle upper oceanic crust and the brittle uppermost mantle, respectively, with the two seismic layers being separated by a ductile lower oceanic crust. [14] Kirby et al. [1996] showed that large volume changes related to th ...
... with our observation, that the upper and lower seismic layer represent the brittle upper oceanic crust and the brittle uppermost mantle, respectively, with the two seismic layers being separated by a ductile lower oceanic crust. [14] Kirby et al. [1996] showed that large volume changes related to th ...
CHAPTER 7 - SYNTHESIS
... the peninsula (change in stress field from nearly pure compression to strike-slip): normal faulting accommodates extension over short distances. This is due to the smaller strength of rock under tension as compared to compression [Ranalli & Murphy, 1987]. Although these general patterns can be disti ...
... the peninsula (change in stress field from nearly pure compression to strike-slip): normal faulting accommodates extension over short distances. This is due to the smaller strength of rock under tension as compared to compression [Ranalli & Murphy, 1987]. Although these general patterns can be disti ...
chapter 6 section 1 notes
... PLAINS COASTAL PLAINS – LOWLANDS; EXPOSED PORTION OF CONTINENTAL SHELF THAT EXTENDS INTO THE OCEAN o EXAMPLES – ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAINS, GULF COASTAL PLAINS INTERIOR PLAINS – FLAT, GRASSY DRY AREAS FOUND IN MIDDLE OF OUR COUNTRY BETWEEN THE ROCKY MTS., APPALACHIAN MTS., AND GULF COASTAL PLAINS; ...
... PLAINS COASTAL PLAINS – LOWLANDS; EXPOSED PORTION OF CONTINENTAL SHELF THAT EXTENDS INTO THE OCEAN o EXAMPLES – ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAINS, GULF COASTAL PLAINS INTERIOR PLAINS – FLAT, GRASSY DRY AREAS FOUND IN MIDDLE OF OUR COUNTRY BETWEEN THE ROCKY MTS., APPALACHIAN MTS., AND GULF COASTAL PLAINS; ...
INDEPTH4-Summary v 10
... plateau formation to ductile flow in the deep crust. Complicating both views is the overprint of major strike slip faulting, which may – or may not—penetrate the entire lithosphere. Critical to any model of surface tectonics are the mantle dynamics beneath the plateau and adjacent regions. Upper man ...
... plateau formation to ductile flow in the deep crust. Complicating both views is the overprint of major strike slip faulting, which may – or may not—penetrate the entire lithosphere. Critical to any model of surface tectonics are the mantle dynamics beneath the plateau and adjacent regions. Upper man ...
Chapter 19 - Heritage Collegiate
... (A) Andes mountains (B) Japan trench (C) Mid-Atlantic ridge (D) San Andreas fault Convergent Boundaries New lithosphere is created at divergent boundaries. Since the amount of lithosphere is roughly constant, lithosphere must also be consumed. This occurs at convergent boundaries. At a convergent bo ...
... (A) Andes mountains (B) Japan trench (C) Mid-Atlantic ridge (D) San Andreas fault Convergent Boundaries New lithosphere is created at divergent boundaries. Since the amount of lithosphere is roughly constant, lithosphere must also be consumed. This occurs at convergent boundaries. At a convergent bo ...
06_chapter 1
... within a short horizontal distance and form a continental slope. The low relief-gently dipping province between the continental slope and ocean basin is called continental rise. The continental margins are best store houses of sediment accumulations transported from the continents. Continental margi ...
... within a short horizontal distance and form a continental slope. The low relief-gently dipping province between the continental slope and ocean basin is called continental rise. The continental margins are best store houses of sediment accumulations transported from the continents. Continental margi ...
Lecture 47
... important constraints on the composition of this part of the crust. o The lower (sometimes divided between “middle” and “lower”) crust, not readily accessible. Xenoliths, tectonically emplaced portions, seismic velocities, and heat flow data provide constraints. The division of the continental crust ...
... important constraints on the composition of this part of the crust. o The lower (sometimes divided between “middle” and “lower”) crust, not readily accessible. Xenoliths, tectonically emplaced portions, seismic velocities, and heat flow data provide constraints. The division of the continental crust ...
Exploring Plate Boundaries
... The Image above shows Earth’s major plate boundaries a result of this collision, island-arc coastal range Credit: NASA/GSFC volcanoes (like the Cascades on our west coast), and deep-sea trenches can form. Oceanicoceanic plate collisions also occur at convergent boundaries. Volcanic island arcs and d ...
... The Image above shows Earth’s major plate boundaries a result of this collision, island-arc coastal range Credit: NASA/GSFC volcanoes (like the Cascades on our west coast), and deep-sea trenches can form. Oceanicoceanic plate collisions also occur at convergent boundaries. Volcanic island arcs and d ...
DENSITY
... weight they need and how much space they should allot for certain kind of weight. Plumbing Systems use density-Fluid flowing through a pipe is an important real-world application of density governed by a relation known as Bernoulli's equation. All else being equal, a fluid of greater density will fl ...
... weight they need and how much space they should allot for certain kind of weight. Plumbing Systems use density-Fluid flowing through a pipe is an important real-world application of density governed by a relation known as Bernoulli's equation. All else being equal, a fluid of greater density will fl ...
Chapter I Deep-sea ecosystems: their functioning and biodiversity
... evidence accumulated since 1960s has shown that the deep sea is in fact a dynamic environment: in some regions and especially along continental margins sediment instability, strong bottom current, dense water cascading and benthic storms can be relatively frequent (Gage and Tyler 1991, Gage 2003). M ...
... evidence accumulated since 1960s has shown that the deep sea is in fact a dynamic environment: in some regions and especially along continental margins sediment instability, strong bottom current, dense water cascading and benthic storms can be relatively frequent (Gage and Tyler 1991, Gage 2003). M ...
IASbaba`s Prelims 60 Day Plan – Day 52 (Geography) 2017
... ocean bottom; in transporting and mixing energy, chemicals and other materials within and among ocean basins; and in sustaining countless plants and animals that rely on the oceans for life—including humans. These features are important components of Earth's global ocean circulation that move water ...
... ocean bottom; in transporting and mixing energy, chemicals and other materials within and among ocean basins; and in sustaining countless plants and animals that rely on the oceans for life—including humans. These features are important components of Earth's global ocean circulation that move water ...
Lecture Slides
... 2. Initial Pb must be known/modeled or you must chose minerals that have essentially no initial Pb (zircon, apatite, monazite). 3. 235U/238U known today (1/137.88) and invariant across most of planet. 4. Still a problem, the equation: ...
... 2. Initial Pb must be known/modeled or you must chose minerals that have essentially no initial Pb (zircon, apatite, monazite). 3. 235U/238U known today (1/137.88) and invariant across most of planet. 4. Still a problem, the equation: ...
PLATE TECTONICS - Part II
... b) Accretion of terranes such as island arcs and seamounts onto the edge of a continent at a convergent boundary 2) Terranes become accreted due to their buoyancy, and resist going down a subduction zone. 3) In many cases, an accretion event will chock a subduction zone, causing subduction to cease, ...
... b) Accretion of terranes such as island arcs and seamounts onto the edge of a continent at a convergent boundary 2) Terranes become accreted due to their buoyancy, and resist going down a subduction zone. 3) In many cases, an accretion event will chock a subduction zone, causing subduction to cease, ...
Recent Rapid Uplift of Today`s Mountains
... During the rapid subduction, the overlying continental surface tends to be depressed, even below sea level, due to the powerful dynamical forces produced by the sinking ocean slab below, despite the buoyancy of the thick layer of continental crust above. But when the process of rapid subduction shu ...
... During the rapid subduction, the overlying continental surface tends to be depressed, even below sea level, due to the powerful dynamical forces produced by the sinking ocean slab below, despite the buoyancy of the thick layer of continental crust above. But when the process of rapid subduction shu ...
Porosity, compaction, and fluid pressure in a subduction zone
... http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/190_IR/chap_01/c1_f9.htm In this area, the upper part of the sediment riding in on the subducting plate are being scraped off and piled up on the overriding plate to form an accretionary prism. The scraped off (“accreted”) sediments are faulted and folded. The lo ...
... http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/190_IR/chap_01/c1_f9.htm In this area, the upper part of the sediment riding in on the subducting plate are being scraped off and piled up on the overriding plate to form an accretionary prism. The scraped off (“accreted”) sediments are faulted and folded. The lo ...
FREE Sample Here
... Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-laboratory-manual-forintroductory-geology-1st-edition-ludman ridge, are an excellent example of hot-spot volcanic islands (Fig. 2.13). Volcanoes on Kauai, Oahu, and Maui haven’t erupted for millions of years, but the island of Hawaii hosts five huge ...
... Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-laboratory-manual-forintroductory-geology-1st-edition-ludman ridge, are an excellent example of hot-spot volcanic islands (Fig. 2.13). Volcanoes on Kauai, Oahu, and Maui haven’t erupted for millions of years, but the island of Hawaii hosts five huge ...
Hydrothermal Vents
... • In 1977, scientists in Alvin dove to the Mid-Ocean Ridge in the eastern Pacific. A spectacular sight greeted them. Clouds of what looked like black smoke were billowing from tall chimneys on the ocean floor. ...
... • In 1977, scientists in Alvin dove to the Mid-Ocean Ridge in the eastern Pacific. A spectacular sight greeted them. Clouds of what looked like black smoke were billowing from tall chimneys on the ocean floor. ...
Impacts of ocean acidification on key benthic ecosystems
... Aim 1: Determine the effect of ocean acidification on the performance, life history and population dynamics of individual benthic species - Nia Whiteley (Bangor University) Aim 2: Quantify the impacts of ocean acidification on microbial communities and elemental cycling in coastal ecosystems - Mark ...
... Aim 1: Determine the effect of ocean acidification on the performance, life history and population dynamics of individual benthic species - Nia Whiteley (Bangor University) Aim 2: Quantify the impacts of ocean acidification on microbial communities and elemental cycling in coastal ecosystems - Mark ...
ALFRED WEGENER THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
... • This is where HOT Magma(Hot material) from deep within the Earth rises while cooler magma near the surface sinks. ...
... • This is where HOT Magma(Hot material) from deep within the Earth rises while cooler magma near the surface sinks. ...
Continental Drift - Ashland Independent Schools
... (Analogy: The Mid-Ocean Ridges are like the seams on a baseball.) ...
... (Analogy: The Mid-Ocean Ridges are like the seams on a baseball.) ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.