P-wave velocity structure in the central Japan Basin, Japan
... shallow structure, the airgun signals were recorded by not only OBSs but also a single-channel hydrophone streamer towed from the R/V Professor Gagarinsky. The record section of OBS2 deployed on the central part of this survey line shows that first arrivals with a velocity of about 8 km/s appear at ...
... shallow structure, the airgun signals were recorded by not only OBSs but also a single-channel hydrophone streamer towed from the R/V Professor Gagarinsky. The record section of OBS2 deployed on the central part of this survey line shows that first arrivals with a velocity of about 8 km/s appear at ...
Introduction: Tracking Past Plate Motions (2)
... Paleomagnetic evidence suggests that the continents were clustered around the Equator around 750 Myr ago, known as supercontinent of Rodinia. If CO2 in the atmosphere were to slowly drop over millions of years due to a slow reduction in volcanic activity, global temperatures would drop and glaciers ...
... Paleomagnetic evidence suggests that the continents were clustered around the Equator around 750 Myr ago, known as supercontinent of Rodinia. If CO2 in the atmosphere were to slowly drop over millions of years due to a slow reduction in volcanic activity, global temperatures would drop and glaciers ...
![[1 pt] X.](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/009707781_1-b3157da074470eeaa49ae4860cbb8b74-300x300.png)
[1 pt] X.
... [1 pt] The Pacific Plate is older. [1pt] The location of the trench indicates that the Pacific Plate is subducting under the North American plate. Also acceptable: Description of how trench location or land location shows which plate is more dense. [.5] This means that the crust underlying this part ...
... [1 pt] The Pacific Plate is older. [1pt] The location of the trench indicates that the Pacific Plate is subducting under the North American plate. Also acceptable: Description of how trench location or land location shows which plate is more dense. [.5] This means that the crust underlying this part ...
GalatheantheMuM profundale
... Some small specimens are attached to the tube of a larger one (Fig. 1G,H). This is not budding: the former is clearly attached to the latter rather than arising from it, with tube material from both between the animals’ tissues. A tube removed from a smaller specimen narrows basally but its most pro ...
... Some small specimens are attached to the tube of a larger one (Fig. 1G,H). This is not budding: the former is clearly attached to the latter rather than arising from it, with tube material from both between the animals’ tissues. A tube removed from a smaller specimen narrows basally but its most pro ...
The spatial extent and characteristics of block fields in Alpin
... The REE patterns indicate that all magmas were derived from a LREE depleted source that was secondarily enriched to different degrees. The “N”-MORB are thus only still “normal” by definition, however, their only low degree of LREE depletion indicates a composition as that of the recent Mohn’s or Kni ...
... The REE patterns indicate that all magmas were derived from a LREE depleted source that was secondarily enriched to different degrees. The “N”-MORB are thus only still “normal” by definition, however, their only low degree of LREE depletion indicates a composition as that of the recent Mohn’s or Kni ...
Laxmi Ridge - Northern Seychelles Bank, Western Indian
... generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7685, 1989.; 6 Hopper, J.R. & W.R. Buck, The effect of lower crustal flow on continental extension and passive margin formation, J Geophys. Res. 101, 20175, 1996.; 7 Buck, R., Modes of continental lithospheric extens ...
... generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7685, 1989.; 6 Hopper, J.R. & W.R. Buck, The effect of lower crustal flow on continental extension and passive margin formation, J Geophys. Res. 101, 20175, 1996.; 7 Buck, R., Modes of continental lithospheric extens ...
Section 5 Plate Boundary Environments
... You already know that volcanoes are common along mid-ocean ridges. This is where basalt magma rises up from the asthenosphere to form new oceanic crust. Volcanoes are also common along subduction zones. With ocean-ocean subduction, magma rises up to the ocean floor. A chain of volcanic islands, call ...
... You already know that volcanoes are common along mid-ocean ridges. This is where basalt magma rises up from the asthenosphere to form new oceanic crust. Volcanoes are also common along subduction zones. With ocean-ocean subduction, magma rises up to the ocean floor. A chain of volcanic islands, call ...
The first observations, September 1998, CMOS Bulletin.
... Bill quickly used this web site to plot images of the eddy over the previous seven months, and continues to track this eddy in November 1999. The images showed the eddy to form in winter along the West Coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. He labelled it Haida-1998, after the First Nations name for ...
... Bill quickly used this web site to plot images of the eddy over the previous seven months, and continues to track this eddy in November 1999. The images showed the eddy to form in winter along the West Coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands. He labelled it Haida-1998, after the First Nations name for ...
Oceans: The Last Frontier
... • Oceanic ridges are characterized by: – An elevated position – Extensive faulting – Numerous volcanic structures that have developed on newly formed crust • Consist of layer upon layer of faulted and uplifted basaltic rocks • Mid-Atlantic ridge has been studied more thoroughly than any other ridge ...
... • Oceanic ridges are characterized by: – An elevated position – Extensive faulting – Numerous volcanic structures that have developed on newly formed crust • Consist of layer upon layer of faulted and uplifted basaltic rocks • Mid-Atlantic ridge has been studied more thoroughly than any other ridge ...
Plate Tectonics - Verona School District
... energy from the core produce the energy for convection. ...
... energy from the core produce the energy for convection. ...
proposal
... In the following we will highlight some possibilities, either because there are already some projects running (or data have been acquired in recent years) ore because groups are very much interested in a particular area. These project ideas show the wealth of possibilities. Of course is this list of ...
... In the following we will highlight some possibilities, either because there are already some projects running (or data have been acquired in recent years) ore because groups are very much interested in a particular area. These project ideas show the wealth of possibilities. Of course is this list of ...
Terrane Sta7ons: seismic tomography explains where the North
... NA margin between ～200 Ma and 50 Ma. • “…most of them display sedimentary and volcanic rock sequences that are of oceanic affinity rather than con)nental.” • Rela)vely young rocks (middle Paleozoic and ...
... NA margin between ～200 Ma and 50 Ma. • “…most of them display sedimentary and volcanic rock sequences that are of oceanic affinity rather than con)nental.” • Rela)vely young rocks (middle Paleozoic and ...
Ch09Pres - Leornian.org
... • PRODUCERS – Scientists have discovered extraordinary ecosystems in the deep ocean in which chemical energy, rather than sunlight, drives the basic biological processes • referred to as chemosynthesis ...
... • PRODUCERS – Scientists have discovered extraordinary ecosystems in the deep ocean in which chemical energy, rather than sunlight, drives the basic biological processes • referred to as chemosynthesis ...
25-3_gordon.pdf
... ACC then broadens over the Southeast Pacific Basin before reorganizing to pass into Drake Passage and then turning northward in the Scotia Sea to cross the South Atlantic. Although some sectors of the ACC and its frontal zones have been studied in detail since the Eltanin days, particularly at the “ ...
... ACC then broadens over the Southeast Pacific Basin before reorganizing to pass into Drake Passage and then turning northward in the Scotia Sea to cross the South Atlantic. Although some sectors of the ACC and its frontal zones have been studied in detail since the Eltanin days, particularly at the “ ...
Mechanism of Formation of Active Margins.
... continental and occanle areas. The energy associa ted with ils a bno rmal hcating is by IWO o rders of magnitude hig he r than 3ny e nerge lic effc e ls of subduction. This hot material has becn Înjected from a large depth. most Iikel y from the core-mantle boundary. Low-velocity and low-denSÎl y ma ...
... continental and occanle areas. The energy associa ted with ils a bno rmal hcating is by IWO o rders of magnitude hig he r than 3ny e nerge lic effc e ls of subduction. This hot material has becn Înjected from a large depth. most Iikel y from the core-mantle boundary. Low-velocity and low-denSÎl y ma ...
EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE
... The rising part of a convection current spreads out as it reaches the upper mantle and causes both upward and lateral forces. These forces lift and split the lithosphere at divergent plate boundaries. As the plates separate, material rising from the mantle supplies the magma that hardens to form the ...
... The rising part of a convection current spreads out as it reaches the upper mantle and causes both upward and lateral forces. These forces lift and split the lithosphere at divergent plate boundaries. As the plates separate, material rising from the mantle supplies the magma that hardens to form the ...
Continents in Motion: The Search for a Unifying Theory
... Sometimes it requires years to develop, test, and refine a scientific theory to the point where it is more fully understood and broadly acceptable. As data and information are gathered and analyzed, new methods and technologies contribute to the process of testing hypotheses via the scientific metho ...
... Sometimes it requires years to develop, test, and refine a scientific theory to the point where it is more fully understood and broadly acceptable. As data and information are gathered and analyzed, new methods and technologies contribute to the process of testing hypotheses via the scientific metho ...
pices xv - North Pacific Marine Science Organization
... Coagulation is an important process accelerating the sinking of particles and creating microhabitats. Its rate increases with particle concentration. Spring blooms and iron fertilization experiments provide useful situations to test the predictions of simple coagulation models. The predicted propert ...
... Coagulation is an important process accelerating the sinking of particles and creating microhabitats. Its rate increases with particle concentration. Spring blooms and iron fertilization experiments provide useful situations to test the predictions of simple coagulation models. The predicted propert ...
Potential and Recent Problems of the Possible Polymetallic Sources
... Crude oil and natural gas, heavy minerals and gemstones, construction materials, chemicals, phosphates and other resources, according to the UNCLOS Convention, are located within the «Exclusive Economic Zones» (EEZ) and «Continental Shelf» — areas under the jurisdiction of coastal states. The larges ...
... Crude oil and natural gas, heavy minerals and gemstones, construction materials, chemicals, phosphates and other resources, according to the UNCLOS Convention, are located within the «Exclusive Economic Zones» (EEZ) and «Continental Shelf» — areas under the jurisdiction of coastal states. The larges ...
Satellite Oceanography: Ocean color
... “ocean + atmosphere”. The atmosphere is 90% of the signal in the ‘blue’ segment of the spectrum, and it must be accurately modeled and removed. • Some of the atmospheric effects that are included in visible “atmospheric correction” for retrieval of ocean water leaving radiance or reflectance include ...
... “ocean + atmosphere”. The atmosphere is 90% of the signal in the ‘blue’ segment of the spectrum, and it must be accurately modeled and removed. • Some of the atmospheric effects that are included in visible “atmospheric correction” for retrieval of ocean water leaving radiance or reflectance include ...
suggestions from numerical modelling
... extension from 30 km to approximately 5 km close to the OCTZ. In the cold model instead, the crustal thickness decreases from 30 km to approximately 20 km. The comparison between the natural data and the model predictions shows a good agreement with all of the oceanic data for both hot and cold conf ...
... extension from 30 km to approximately 5 km close to the OCTZ. In the cold model instead, the crustal thickness decreases from 30 km to approximately 20 km. The comparison between the natural data and the model predictions shows a good agreement with all of the oceanic data for both hot and cold conf ...
Shallow Sandy Seas
... The continental shelves and epicontinental seas are important sites of deposition of sand and mud in the world’s oceans and account for over half the volume of ocean sediments. These successions can be very thick, over 10,000 m, because deposition may be very longlived and can continue uninterrupted ...
... The continental shelves and epicontinental seas are important sites of deposition of sand and mud in the world’s oceans and account for over half the volume of ocean sediments. These successions can be very thick, over 10,000 m, because deposition may be very longlived and can continue uninterrupted ...
Conditions for a crustal block to be sheared off from the subducted
... therefore, seems to be diverse in both space and time. Many researchers have tried to solve the mechanism of such variation by relating the buoyancy of continents, continental fragments, plateaus, and seamounts to their subductability [Molnar and Gray, 1979; Nur and Ben-Avraham, 1982; Cloos, 1993]. ...
... therefore, seems to be diverse in both space and time. Many researchers have tried to solve the mechanism of such variation by relating the buoyancy of continents, continental fragments, plateaus, and seamounts to their subductability [Molnar and Gray, 1979; Nur and Ben-Avraham, 1982; Cloos, 1993]. ...
Advances in Environmental Biology
... original sampling is logical, as the total land area is 2.5 times less than the total area of all the oceans, and there is no any significant antipodality of land and oceans even in theory. In this case the tetrachoric connection component reaches -0.84, indicating the strong reverse correlation. Li ...
... original sampling is logical, as the total land area is 2.5 times less than the total area of all the oceans, and there is no any significant antipodality of land and oceans even in theory. In this case the tetrachoric connection component reaches -0.84, indicating the strong reverse correlation. Li ...
3. Anatomy of recently active convergent plate - diss.fu
... Compaction and phase transitions within both sediments and the subducting slab lead to dewatering and dehydration, providing fluids to the plate interface system. This water release increases the pore pressure, and therefore reduces effective stress and effective friction. This in turn increases the ...
... Compaction and phase transitions within both sediments and the subducting slab lead to dewatering and dehydration, providing fluids to the plate interface system. This water release increases the pore pressure, and therefore reduces effective stress and effective friction. This in turn increases the ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.