snack tectonics - kmstorres
... 1. Use the spoon to spread the frosting into a layer about 0.5 cm thick. In this model, the frosting represents the______________________________________, the layer on which Earth’s plates ride. The ___________in this model are represented by the fruit roll ups (oceanic crust which is thin and dense ...
... 1. Use the spoon to spread the frosting into a layer about 0.5 cm thick. In this model, the frosting represents the______________________________________, the layer on which Earth’s plates ride. The ___________in this model are represented by the fruit roll ups (oceanic crust which is thin and dense ...
In situ measurements of thermal diffusivity in sediments of the
... 500 m (Collett et al., 2009; Ruppel, 2011). Slight increases in near-bottom water temperatures can potentially destabilize large quantities of hydrate, releasing bubbles of methane gas with 30 times the greenhouse potency of CO2 (Denman et al., 2007; Riedel et al., 2010). One consequence of global ...
... 500 m (Collett et al., 2009; Ruppel, 2011). Slight increases in near-bottom water temperatures can potentially destabilize large quantities of hydrate, releasing bubbles of methane gas with 30 times the greenhouse potency of CO2 (Denman et al., 2007; Riedel et al., 2010). One consequence of global ...
The `inconvenient ocean` Undesirable consequences of terrestrial
... radiation, the presence of dust in the atmosphere can affect the energy balance at the Earth’s surface sufficient to produce locally a seasonal heating or cooling of up to ±2°C. ...
... radiation, the presence of dust in the atmosphere can affect the energy balance at the Earth’s surface sufficient to produce locally a seasonal heating or cooling of up to ±2°C. ...
OL OOP Section 01 - CCMI - Central Caribbean Marine Institute
... m (19,686 ft). It is a huge flat floor of an ocean basin that is covered with a layer of sediment. It covers over 50% of the ocean area and is the single largest environment on Earth. 5. OCEAN TRENCH The deepest places on the earth's surface are known as Ocean Trenches. These trenches are like deep ...
... m (19,686 ft). It is a huge flat floor of an ocean basin that is covered with a layer of sediment. It covers over 50% of the ocean area and is the single largest environment on Earth. 5. OCEAN TRENCH The deepest places on the earth's surface are known as Ocean Trenches. These trenches are like deep ...
Scientific Ocean Drilling of Mid-Ocean Ridge and Ridge
... volcanic, hydrothermal, and structural processes mainly transpire within the first few million years of seafloor spreading, on the crest and young flanks of the mid-ocean ridge. In this active zone little sediment has yet accumulated, and only a thin crustal layer separates the oceans from the mantl ...
... volcanic, hydrothermal, and structural processes mainly transpire within the first few million years of seafloor spreading, on the crest and young flanks of the mid-ocean ridge. In this active zone little sediment has yet accumulated, and only a thin crustal layer separates the oceans from the mantl ...
Origin of high Mg# andesite and the continental crust
... Alternatively, small degree melts of metabasalt and/or metasediment in the subducting slab may leave rutile in their residue, and will thus have large Nb depletions relative to K and La [2]. Slab melts are too rich in light rare earth elements and other incompatible elements, and too poor in compati ...
... Alternatively, small degree melts of metabasalt and/or metasediment in the subducting slab may leave rutile in their residue, and will thus have large Nb depletions relative to K and La [2]. Slab melts are too rich in light rare earth elements and other incompatible elements, and too poor in compati ...
mid-ocean ridge tectonics, volcanism
... y1) a 1–3 km deep rift valley marks the axis, while for fast spreading rates (490 mm y1) the axis is characterized by an elevation of the seafloor of several hundred meters, called an axial high (Figure 2). The rate of magma supply is a second factor that may influence the morphology of mid-ocean ...
... y1) a 1–3 km deep rift valley marks the axis, while for fast spreading rates (490 mm y1) the axis is characterized by an elevation of the seafloor of several hundred meters, called an axial high (Figure 2). The rate of magma supply is a second factor that may influence the morphology of mid-ocean ...
Tectonic Plates &
... Based on measurements of water depth, ocean scientists delineate three distinct zones along the edges of continents - from the coastline seaward. The zone closest to the beach features a very gentle slope extending out to the water depth that averages about 130 m. This gently sloping zone is the con ...
... Based on measurements of water depth, ocean scientists delineate three distinct zones along the edges of continents - from the coastline seaward. The zone closest to the beach features a very gentle slope extending out to the water depth that averages about 130 m. This gently sloping zone is the con ...
Laboratory Title: Plate Tectonics
... ago, the supercontinent Pangaea began to split apart. Alexander Du Toit, Professor of Geology at Witwatersrand University and one of Wegener's staunchest supporters, proposed that Pangaea first broke into two large continental landmasses, Laurasia in the northern hemisphere and Gondwanaland in the s ...
... ago, the supercontinent Pangaea began to split apart. Alexander Du Toit, Professor of Geology at Witwatersrand University and one of Wegener's staunchest supporters, proposed that Pangaea first broke into two large continental landmasses, Laurasia in the northern hemisphere and Gondwanaland in the s ...
a layman`s guide to the geological history of Mount Mee
... material can accumulate. In a mid-ocean ridge setting the muds and organic material may have been sourced partly from ‘black smokers’ – sea-floor vents that are common at mid-ocean ridges and attract an abundance of organic life. Such rocks are commonly rich in sulfides and trace metals such as gold ...
... material can accumulate. In a mid-ocean ridge setting the muds and organic material may have been sourced partly from ‘black smokers’ – sea-floor vents that are common at mid-ocean ridges and attract an abundance of organic life. Such rocks are commonly rich in sulfides and trace metals such as gold ...
1 The Integrated Studies theme of Ridge 2000 (R2K) is a program of
... created at fast spreading ridges. Because crustal magma reservoirs are typically present beneath fast spreading ridges, hydrothermal activity is prolific, and fast-spreading ridges may dominate global mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes. Fast spreading ridges are dynamic and present excellent opport ...
... created at fast spreading ridges. Because crustal magma reservoirs are typically present beneath fast spreading ridges, hydrothermal activity is prolific, and fast-spreading ridges may dominate global mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes. Fast spreading ridges are dynamic and present excellent opport ...
the pacific ocean
... The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's oceans. It covers about one-third of the Earth's surface, more than 64 million square miles (about 166 million square kilometers). The area of the Pacific Ocean is greater than all of the world's continents put together, and accounts for almost half of ...
... The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world's oceans. It covers about one-third of the Earth's surface, more than 64 million square miles (about 166 million square kilometers). The area of the Pacific Ocean is greater than all of the world's continents put together, and accounts for almost half of ...
An Educator`s Guide - American Museum of Natural History
... Blue Whale and Open Ocean Ecosystem — The centerpiece of the Hall is a life-size model of the world’s largest animal, the giant blue whale. Text panels on drifters, migrants, ocean exploration, and the food web can be found along the mezzanine rail. An int e ractive on whale research and cons e r v ...
... Blue Whale and Open Ocean Ecosystem — The centerpiece of the Hall is a life-size model of the world’s largest animal, the giant blue whale. Text panels on drifters, migrants, ocean exploration, and the food web can be found along the mezzanine rail. An int e ractive on whale research and cons e r v ...
Effects of increasing atmospheric CO on phytoplankton communities
... habitat in deep water masses are playing a large role. Data from the Faroe-Shetland Channel, which lies between the Faroe Islands and the Shetland Islands off northern Scotland, show that between October and March, dense concentrations of overwintering C. finmarchicus are found in the deep (>600m) c ...
... habitat in deep water masses are playing a large role. Data from the Faroe-Shetland Channel, which lies between the Faroe Islands and the Shetland Islands off northern Scotland, show that between October and March, dense concentrations of overwintering C. finmarchicus are found in the deep (>600m) c ...
In-Situ Plate Tectonic Model of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) and
... sandstones with a strong lithological similarity to the neighbouring Nicaraguan Rise has been intersected. In fact, the presence of Eocene sand-rich fans of the Wilcox Formation has been recognised as the principal reservoir deposited along the western edge of the GOM. Cuba’s lack of post-Jurassic r ...
... sandstones with a strong lithological similarity to the neighbouring Nicaraguan Rise has been intersected. In fact, the presence of Eocene sand-rich fans of the Wilcox Formation has been recognised as the principal reservoir deposited along the western edge of the GOM. Cuba’s lack of post-Jurassic r ...
large igneous provinces and fertile mantle
... Delaminated lower crust sinks into the mantle as eclogite where it has relatively low seismic velocities and melting point compared to normal mantle peridotite. Although delaminated continental crust enters the mantle at much lower rates than oceanic crust, the rates are comparable to LIP production ...
... Delaminated lower crust sinks into the mantle as eclogite where it has relatively low seismic velocities and melting point compared to normal mantle peridotite. Although delaminated continental crust enters the mantle at much lower rates than oceanic crust, the rates are comparable to LIP production ...
Deep Seabed Mining
... forms, and vital to the survival of our planet. But now, this mostly unknown world is facing large-scale industrial exploitation – as mining of the deep seabed for minerals fast becomes reality. As land-based minerals become depleted and prices rise, the search for new sources of supply is turning t ...
... forms, and vital to the survival of our planet. But now, this mostly unknown world is facing large-scale industrial exploitation – as mining of the deep seabed for minerals fast becomes reality. As land-based minerals become depleted and prices rise, the search for new sources of supply is turning t ...
Characteristic and Uncharacteristic Earthquakes as Possible
... In some applications important to consider absolute plate motions, those with respect to the deep mantle In general both plates and plate boundaries move with respect to the deep mantle For example, assume Africa were not moving with respect to the deep mantle. If so, as lithosphere is added by spre ...
... In some applications important to consider absolute plate motions, those with respect to the deep mantle In general both plates and plate boundaries move with respect to the deep mantle For example, assume Africa were not moving with respect to the deep mantle. If so, as lithosphere is added by spre ...
SECTION HEADING - School of Ocean and Earth Science and
... to water depths of at least 2000 m, and significant environmental impacts resulting from the release of drill cuttings are to be expected in the near future. The mining of other geological resources from the seafloor, in particular manganese nodules, is probably a few decades off but has the potenti ...
... to water depths of at least 2000 m, and significant environmental impacts resulting from the release of drill cuttings are to be expected in the near future. The mining of other geological resources from the seafloor, in particular manganese nodules, is probably a few decades off but has the potenti ...
Ocean Basins Are Formed at Divergent Plate Boundaries
... the west coast of South America. Oceanic crust toward oceanic crust - occurring in the northern Pacific. Continental crust toward continental crust – one example is the Himalayas. (Above Right) A cross section through the west coast of South America, showing the convergence of a continental plat ...
... the west coast of South America. Oceanic crust toward oceanic crust - occurring in the northern Pacific. Continental crust toward continental crust – one example is the Himalayas. (Above Right) A cross section through the west coast of South America, showing the convergence of a continental plat ...
Subduction-zone metamorphism, calc-alkaline - U
... intervening oceanic basin leading to continental collision. (2) Plate descent carries mafic + felsic lithologies to depths of ~ 35–120 km or more at relatively low temperatures, producing high-pressure (HP) Pacific-type and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) Alpine-type metamorphic terranes, respectively. (3) E ...
... intervening oceanic basin leading to continental collision. (2) Plate descent carries mafic + felsic lithologies to depths of ~ 35–120 km or more at relatively low temperatures, producing high-pressure (HP) Pacific-type and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) Alpine-type metamorphic terranes, respectively. (3) E ...
Evolution of the Helvetic Continental margin paper - RWTH
... The evolution of the Alps is a typical example of a collisional belt and was strongly influenced by the processes that were present during the breaking apart of the ancient Pangaean continent. By splitting apart a lot of different zones of sedimentation were created which were for example deep ocean ...
... The evolution of the Alps is a typical example of a collisional belt and was strongly influenced by the processes that were present during the breaking apart of the ancient Pangaean continent. By splitting apart a lot of different zones of sedimentation were created which were for example deep ocean ...
2017 US Hydro Conference Academic Poster Abstracts by College
... of 2014, Dr. Christopher Kelley led a bathymetric survey of this area to identify important structures for research of deep sea corals, fish and other animal habitats. Multibeam sonar and backscatter intensity data were collected on the Schmidt Ocean Institute’s R/V Falkor, and were post-processed i ...
... of 2014, Dr. Christopher Kelley led a bathymetric survey of this area to identify important structures for research of deep sea corals, fish and other animal habitats. Multibeam sonar and backscatter intensity data were collected on the Schmidt Ocean Institute’s R/V Falkor, and were post-processed i ...
Plate Tectonics
... History of Events Leading up to the Formulation of the Theory of Plate Tectonics *Note that plate tectonics is a theory. It is not something that we can directly sample or touch, or for that matter prove. That is why we will refer to it as a theory. *In 1915, a Bavarian scientist named Alfred Wegen ...
... History of Events Leading up to the Formulation of the Theory of Plate Tectonics *Note that plate tectonics is a theory. It is not something that we can directly sample or touch, or for that matter prove. That is why we will refer to it as a theory. *In 1915, a Bavarian scientist named Alfred Wegen ...
Chemical geodynamics of helium.
... in the Earth (129Xe, 182W) is an exciting development in geochemistry. • How are early-formed heterogeneities preserved in the mantle for >4.5 Ga? • 4 years ago I would have predicted these discoveries were impossible… we do not understand mantle mixing. • Tackle this CIDER style: Geochemists: Clar ...
... in the Earth (129Xe, 182W) is an exciting development in geochemistry. • How are early-formed heterogeneities preserved in the mantle for >4.5 Ga? • 4 years ago I would have predicted these discoveries were impossible… we do not understand mantle mixing. • Tackle this CIDER style: Geochemists: Clar ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.