The Red Sea: Birth of an Ocean
... Nowhere on the present-day Earth can the transition from a continental to an oceanic rift be observed and studied better than in the Red Sea region, where three rifts in different stages of evolution meet in a triple point located in the Afar region. A thermal and/or compositional mantle plume may h ...
... Nowhere on the present-day Earth can the transition from a continental to an oceanic rift be observed and studied better than in the Red Sea region, where three rifts in different stages of evolution meet in a triple point located in the Afar region. A thermal and/or compositional mantle plume may h ...
Sample
... 3. Convergent boundaries can be divided into three types, based on the type of crust contained on the two colliding plates. Compare and contrast the different types of convergent boundaries that result from these collisions. Oceanic–Continental: Denser oceanic plate subducts below the continental p ...
... 3. Convergent boundaries can be divided into three types, based on the type of crust contained on the two colliding plates. Compare and contrast the different types of convergent boundaries that result from these collisions. Oceanic–Continental: Denser oceanic plate subducts below the continental p ...
A Melt Extraction From The Mantle Beneath Mid-Ocean Ridges Peter Kelemen
... porous flow preserves disequilibrium between melts and the upper 30 kilometers of residual mantle rocks. The process by which ophiolites are thrust onto the continental margins is uncertain. This raises a basic issue: The rocks in ophiolites are certainly formed at submarine spreading centers simila ...
... porous flow preserves disequilibrium between melts and the upper 30 kilometers of residual mantle rocks. The process by which ophiolites are thrust onto the continental margins is uncertain. This raises a basic issue: The rocks in ophiolites are certainly formed at submarine spreading centers simila ...
Sample
... 3. Convergent boundaries can be divided into three types, based on the type of crust contained on the two colliding plates. Compare and contrast the different types of convergent boundaries that result from these collisions. Oceanic–Continental: Denser oceanic plate subducts below the continental p ...
... 3. Convergent boundaries can be divided into three types, based on the type of crust contained on the two colliding plates. Compare and contrast the different types of convergent boundaries that result from these collisions. Oceanic–Continental: Denser oceanic plate subducts below the continental p ...
Imaging the Gutenberg Seismic Discontinuity beneath the Oceanic
... earthquake by examining the data for the presence of the SS seismic phase. This step involved a visual examination of the data to determine the quality of the SS arrival and to remove events that did not have a well-developed SS arrival. Next, I created vespagrams to analyze the arrivals. This step ...
... earthquake by examining the data for the presence of the SS seismic phase. This step involved a visual examination of the data to determine the quality of the SS arrival and to remove events that did not have a well-developed SS arrival. Next, I created vespagrams to analyze the arrivals. This step ...
Chapter I - Shodhganga
... Sediment is an integral and dynamic part of river basins, including estuaries and coastal zones. Sediment originates from the weathering of minerals and soils upstream and is susceptible to transport downstream by the river water (Forstner, 2004). ...
... Sediment is an integral and dynamic part of river basins, including estuaries and coastal zones. Sediment originates from the weathering of minerals and soils upstream and is susceptible to transport downstream by the river water (Forstner, 2004). ...
PDF File - Tulane University
... Many of these stratovolcanoes pass through a stage where their upper portions collapse downward to form a caldera. These caldera forming events are usually associated with explosive eruptions that emit silicic pyroclastic material in large-volume eruptions. It is the sudden evacuation of underlying ...
... Many of these stratovolcanoes pass through a stage where their upper portions collapse downward to form a caldera. These caldera forming events are usually associated with explosive eruptions that emit silicic pyroclastic material in large-volume eruptions. It is the sudden evacuation of underlying ...
Metamorphic and Magmatic Consequences of Subduction of Young
... Ma) oceanic lithosphere, with variation in the rate of induced convergence (2, 4 and 5 cm/yr) across a pre-existing rheologically weak fracture zone. A 2D thermo-mechanical numerical model was developed using the I2VIS code based on conservative finite differences and non-diffusive marker-in-cell te ...
... Ma) oceanic lithosphere, with variation in the rate of induced convergence (2, 4 and 5 cm/yr) across a pre-existing rheologically weak fracture zone. A 2D thermo-mechanical numerical model was developed using the I2VIS code based on conservative finite differences and non-diffusive marker-in-cell te ...
The Dynamic Crust
... 1) They are centered at the poles. 2) They are located in the same geographic areas. 3) They are related to the formation of glaciers. 4) They are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. ...
... 1) They are centered at the poles. 2) They are located in the same geographic areas. 3) They are related to the formation of glaciers. 4) They are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. ...
Manganese Nodules: Research Data and
... structure and constitute a reference collection at Washington State University (Pullman, Washington), available to other workers. This volume constitutes a reference essential to those working on manganese nodules. Manganese nodules not only exhibit variation in their internal composition and struct ...
... structure and constitute a reference collection at Washington State University (Pullman, Washington), available to other workers. This volume constitutes a reference essential to those working on manganese nodules. Manganese nodules not only exhibit variation in their internal composition and struct ...
... cally anisotropic crystals causes anisotropy in the mantle, where pressure is too high for cracks to remain open (23). Both observations (23) and calculations based on simple theory for large finite strain (24) show the maximum difference in S-wave speeds when propagation is parallel to the intermed ...
Amphibious Array Arctic Beaufort Sea RoyOct7
... The Arctic Margin as a Fold and Thrust belt “Subduction Zone” and Strain Transfer from the Yakutat Terrane Collision in the Gulf of Alaska There is a passive rifted margin off western arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands (e.g., Grantz et al., 1994; Houseknecht and Bird, 2011; see Figure 1). ...
... The Arctic Margin as a Fold and Thrust belt “Subduction Zone” and Strain Transfer from the Yakutat Terrane Collision in the Gulf of Alaska There is a passive rifted margin off western arctic Alaska and the Canadian Arctic Islands (e.g., Grantz et al., 1994; Houseknecht and Bird, 2011; see Figure 1). ...
GEOL 308: Natural Hazards Quiz III
... 3. (10 points) Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat goes, what it does to Earth’s materials, and what those materials do. Include information about the two following questions: Why do the Earth materials rise? Why do they fall? ...
... 3. (10 points) Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat goes, what it does to Earth’s materials, and what those materials do. Include information about the two following questions: Why do the Earth materials rise? Why do they fall? ...
World Tectonic Maps package as a pdf file
... The continental crusts are much more complex since they contain flaws from all the previous events over their long histories (more than 4000 million or 4 billion years). The oceanic plates are much simpler since they are just made at sea floor spreading centers, drift passively across the oceans, an ...
... The continental crusts are much more complex since they contain flaws from all the previous events over their long histories (more than 4000 million or 4 billion years). The oceanic plates are much simpler since they are just made at sea floor spreading centers, drift passively across the oceans, an ...
6: Environmental Considerations
... Mineral deposits are found in many different environments ranging from shallow water (sand, gravel, phosphorites, and placers) to deep water (cobalt crusts, polymetallic sulfides, and manganese nodules). These environments include both the most biologically productive areas of the coastal ocean as w ...
... Mineral deposits are found in many different environments ranging from shallow water (sand, gravel, phosphorites, and placers) to deep water (cobalt crusts, polymetallic sulfides, and manganese nodules). These environments include both the most biologically productive areas of the coastal ocean as w ...
Presentation - Copernicus.org
... into the TZ, the rigidity being for the same fluid-content Hirth & Kohlstedt 1996 reason as I have applied here to the LVZ at MORs. So, when a craton splits or two Archaean cratons separate, as they have done in the NE Atlantic, they draw up TZ mantle between them, causing it to undergo pressure-rel ...
... into the TZ, the rigidity being for the same fluid-content Hirth & Kohlstedt 1996 reason as I have applied here to the LVZ at MORs. So, when a craton splits or two Archaean cratons separate, as they have done in the NE Atlantic, they draw up TZ mantle between them, causing it to undergo pressure-rel ...
Oceanography - Chariho Regional School District
... Students will begin this unit learning about plate tectonics and a review of the Earth’s layers. They will then investigate the relationship between the age of crustal rock and the past and current movements of the crustal plates. They will review plate boundaries and the geologic events that occur ...
... Students will begin this unit learning about plate tectonics and a review of the Earth’s layers. They will then investigate the relationship between the age of crustal rock and the past and current movements of the crustal plates. They will review plate boundaries and the geologic events that occur ...
Plate Tectonics: Note 2 T. Seno (Earthquake Res Inst, Univ of Tokyo
... disappeared beneath the N. American continent, part of the Pacific plate in touch with the west coast has increased. By happen, the relative motion between the Pacific and N. American plate is parallel to the west coast (relict trench), the boundary between these plates became a transform fault. Alt ...
... disappeared beneath the N. American continent, part of the Pacific plate in touch with the west coast has increased. By happen, the relative motion between the Pacific and N. American plate is parallel to the west coast (relict trench), the boundary between these plates became a transform fault. Alt ...
Mobility and immobility of mid-ocean ridges and their
... 1and Figure 2). All ridges appear to be migrating: the East Pacific Rise (EPR) appears to have rotated clockwise for about 50° since 83Ma (Figure 2i). The South Mid Atlantic ...
... 1and Figure 2). All ridges appear to be migrating: the East Pacific Rise (EPR) appears to have rotated clockwise for about 50° since 83Ma (Figure 2i). The South Mid Atlantic ...
Chapter 5 - The World of the Census
... microbial mat, vesicomyid clam, and tube worm habitats are added, but with different rates depending on taxon and location (Fig. 5.5). A strong diversity response to habitat heterogeneity was found in Gulf of Mexico habitats; there was a much slower increase in the rate of species accumulation with ...
... microbial mat, vesicomyid clam, and tube worm habitats are added, but with different rates depending on taxon and location (Fig. 5.5). A strong diversity response to habitat heterogeneity was found in Gulf of Mexico habitats; there was a much slower increase in the rate of species accumulation with ...
20 FACTS T
... have often focused on juvenile forms that are highly vulnerable to acidification (e.g. Pacific oyster larvae). ...
... have often focused on juvenile forms that are highly vulnerable to acidification (e.g. Pacific oyster larvae). ...
20 facts on ocean acidification
... have often focused on juvenile forms that are highly vulnerable to acidification (e.g. Pacific oyster larvae). ...
... have often focused on juvenile forms that are highly vulnerable to acidification (e.g. Pacific oyster larvae). ...
Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics
... Scientists also divide Earth into five layers based on physical properties. The outer layer is the lithosphere. It is a cool, stiff layer that includes all of the crust and a small part of the upper mantle. The lithosphere is divided into pieces. These pieces move slowly over Earth’s surface. The as ...
... Scientists also divide Earth into five layers based on physical properties. The outer layer is the lithosphere. It is a cool, stiff layer that includes all of the crust and a small part of the upper mantle. The lithosphere is divided into pieces. These pieces move slowly over Earth’s surface. The as ...
Chapter 1 - Springer
... as the end product of a single Alpine orogenic cycle. Similarly, the traditional paleogeographic notion of a single – albeit complex – Tethyan ocean extending from the Caribbean to the Far East and whose closure produced the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt must be discarded altogether. Instead, the p ...
... as the end product of a single Alpine orogenic cycle. Similarly, the traditional paleogeographic notion of a single – albeit complex – Tethyan ocean extending from the Caribbean to the Far East and whose closure produced the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt must be discarded altogether. Instead, the p ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.