What aspects of the downgoing plate might be important in
... Sarah Penniston-Dorland Peter van Keken ...
... Sarah Penniston-Dorland Peter van Keken ...
Basaltic and Gabbroic Rocks
... consisting of deep sea sediments (limestones, cherts, and shales), overlying a layer of pillow basalts. Pillow basalts have a structure consisting of overlapping pillowshaped pods of basalt. Such pillow structure is typical of lavas erupted under water. The pillow basalts overly a layer consisting o ...
... consisting of deep sea sediments (limestones, cherts, and shales), overlying a layer of pillow basalts. Pillow basalts have a structure consisting of overlapping pillowshaped pods of basalt. Such pillow structure is typical of lavas erupted under water. The pillow basalts overly a layer consisting o ...
The Mediterranean region—a geological primer
... by shallow dipping detachment faults. It has started at least in the early Miocene, and continues today in areas like the Corinth-Patras rift and the southern Rhodope Massif in western Turkey. Miocene extension was accompanied by exhumation of metamorphic rocks and by the intrusion of granitoid and ...
... by shallow dipping detachment faults. It has started at least in the early Miocene, and continues today in areas like the Corinth-Patras rift and the southern Rhodope Massif in western Turkey. Miocene extension was accompanied by exhumation of metamorphic rocks and by the intrusion of granitoid and ...
The thermal structure of subduction zones constrained by seismic
... It is more realistic to model the mantle of the wedge as a medium with strongly temperature- and stress-dependent rheology, which is characteristic of the deformation of the dominant minerals under mantle conditions. In Figure 5b we show the temperature field obtained with rheology based on disloca ...
... It is more realistic to model the mantle of the wedge as a medium with strongly temperature- and stress-dependent rheology, which is characteristic of the deformation of the dominant minerals under mantle conditions. In Figure 5b we show the temperature field obtained with rheology based on disloca ...
Wilson and Aster [2003
... well suited for developing and applying more realistic seismic migration techniques to teleseismic receiver function imaging. In regions of highly heterogeneous lateral earth structure, migration methodologies are designed to properly move seismic trace energy (e.g., P-to-S conversion amplitudes in ...
... well suited for developing and applying more realistic seismic migration techniques to teleseismic receiver function imaging. In regions of highly heterogeneous lateral earth structure, migration methodologies are designed to properly move seismic trace energy (e.g., P-to-S conversion amplitudes in ...
Episodic Tremor and Slip The Cascadia Subduction Zone
... recently, using improved GPS data and analysis tools, scientists discovered more subtle stick-slip behaviour in a deeper portion of the subduction fault, now referred to as the ETS slip zone. ETS is observed as very small, slow slips that occur far more frequently than the massive, sudden shifts tha ...
... recently, using improved GPS data and analysis tools, scientists discovered more subtle stick-slip behaviour in a deeper portion of the subduction fault, now referred to as the ETS slip zone. ETS is observed as very small, slow slips that occur far more frequently than the massive, sudden shifts tha ...
Why do some subduction zones have M9
... but generally is at a depth of 30-‐40 km, a common maximum depth for great thrust earthquake rupture. Several subduction zones appear to have seismic behaviour to slightly greater depths but it is ...
... but generally is at a depth of 30-‐40 km, a common maximum depth for great thrust earthquake rupture. Several subduction zones appear to have seismic behaviour to slightly greater depths but it is ...
Cold Seeps - USF College of Marine Science
... includes the use of manned underwater submersibles such as ...
... includes the use of manned underwater submersibles such as ...
The strange ecosystem of hydrothermal vents Nation Taiwan Ocean
... creatures generally grow fast - giant vent tube worms are one of the fastest-growing animals on Earth. They need to be: hydrothermal vents generally only exist for a few decades. However, their cold seep cousins grow much more slowly. Seep tube worms, for example, are thought to live for up to 250 y ...
... creatures generally grow fast - giant vent tube worms are one of the fastest-growing animals on Earth. They need to be: hydrothermal vents generally only exist for a few decades. However, their cold seep cousins grow much more slowly. Seep tube worms, for example, are thought to live for up to 250 y ...
Lecture10 File
... (submarine mountains) which has developed during the break-up of Gondwanaland, the southern portion of the super continent Pangaea. India has moved away from Africa and Madagascar due to ocean spreading on the Carlsberg Ridge. The ridge is situated about half-way between India and Madagascar. The NW ...
... (submarine mountains) which has developed during the break-up of Gondwanaland, the southern portion of the super continent Pangaea. India has moved away from Africa and Madagascar due to ocean spreading on the Carlsberg Ridge. The ridge is situated about half-way between India and Madagascar. The NW ...
Graham Cracker Frosting Lab
... The Theory of Plate Tectonics states that the crust of the Earth is composed of seven major plates and numerous smaller plates. These plates “ride” on the hot plastic upper mantle known as the asthenosphere. This theory also says that most of these plates are in motion, due to convection in the mant ...
... The Theory of Plate Tectonics states that the crust of the Earth is composed of seven major plates and numerous smaller plates. These plates “ride” on the hot plastic upper mantle known as the asthenosphere. This theory also says that most of these plates are in motion, due to convection in the mant ...
14. Some Aspects of Plate Tectonics in the Arabian Sea
... zone (here called Brahma) are deduced from several magnetic profiles, including that of Glomar Challenger, not utilized by McKenzie and Sclater. These extra profiles were obtained from the compilation by D. H. Matthews for the I.I.O.E. Atlas. Further, assuming that the east-west anomaly trend persis ...
... zone (here called Brahma) are deduced from several magnetic profiles, including that of Glomar Challenger, not utilized by McKenzie and Sclater. These extra profiles were obtained from the compilation by D. H. Matthews for the I.I.O.E. Atlas. Further, assuming that the east-west anomaly trend persis ...
Introduction to Marine Science
... organisms are having a field day—they have recently discovered an oasis of life in the deep ocean, an area that had previously been thought to be a biological wasteland. The scientists have probed deep down in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and found a surprising diversity of life among the benthos ...
... organisms are having a field day—they have recently discovered an oasis of life in the deep ocean, an area that had previously been thought to be a biological wasteland. The scientists have probed deep down in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and found a surprising diversity of life among the benthos ...
H: Chapter 5: Oceanography
... Locate the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Figure 1. Mid-ocean ridges can be found at the bottom of all ocean basins. They form a continuous underwater ridge approximately 70,000 km long. A mid-ocean ridge is the area in an ocean basin where new ocean floor is formed. Crustal plates, which are large sections ...
... Locate the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Figure 1. Mid-ocean ridges can be found at the bottom of all ocean basins. They form a continuous underwater ridge approximately 70,000 km long. A mid-ocean ridge is the area in an ocean basin where new ocean floor is formed. Crustal plates, which are large sections ...
Census of seafloor sediments in the world`s ocean
... Knowing the patterns of distribution of sediments in the global ocean is critical for understanding biogeochemical cycles and how deep-sea deposits respond to environmental change at the sea surface. We present the first digital map of seafloor lithologies based on descriptions of nearly 14,500 samp ...
... Knowing the patterns of distribution of sediments in the global ocean is critical for understanding biogeochemical cycles and how deep-sea deposits respond to environmental change at the sea surface. We present the first digital map of seafloor lithologies based on descriptions of nearly 14,500 samp ...
Document
... Prior to the 1960’s most geologists considered the ocean floors to be generally featureless plains, the oceanic crust to be very old and topographically featureless. It was also assumed to be fixed in place. By 1970, all this had changed. ...
... Prior to the 1960’s most geologists considered the ocean floors to be generally featureless plains, the oceanic crust to be very old and topographically featureless. It was also assumed to be fixed in place. By 1970, all this had changed. ...
Zipangu in the Ocean Program Tetsuro Urabe
... The Zipangu in the Ocean is Twelve Times Larger than the Japanese Archipelago Fifteen million years ago, the Japanese archipelago was mostly under the ocean. Volcanic activity on the seabed pushed magma into the ocean crust, dissolving and concentrating minerals. This process is called as hydrotherm ...
... The Zipangu in the Ocean is Twelve Times Larger than the Japanese Archipelago Fifteen million years ago, the Japanese archipelago was mostly under the ocean. Volcanic activity on the seabed pushed magma into the ocean crust, dissolving and concentrating minerals. This process is called as hydrotherm ...
Structure of the Lithosphere and the Sedimentary Record: Where do
... Sea level estimates from backstripping 11 coastal plain boreholes from New Jersey and Delaware. Eustatic estimates are significantly lower than those of Haq et al. (1987) but also diverge during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene from estimates based on ridge and ocean volumes of Müller et al., (2008 ...
... Sea level estimates from backstripping 11 coastal plain boreholes from New Jersey and Delaware. Eustatic estimates are significantly lower than those of Haq et al. (1987) but also diverge during the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene from estimates based on ridge and ocean volumes of Müller et al., (2008 ...
22.4 Plate Tectonics
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
Seabed Disposal
... Over 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water. The coastal zone—the boundary between the ocean and land—is under the primary influence of humans, while the rest of the ocean remains fairly remote from human activity. This remoteness has in part led scientists and policy makers to examine the d ...
... Over 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water. The coastal zone—the boundary between the ocean and land—is under the primary influence of humans, while the rest of the ocean remains fairly remote from human activity. This remoteness has in part led scientists and policy makers to examine the d ...
Chapter 11: Continental Margin Types and Divergent Margins
... 2. Note: we're not talking about plate margins: but the change from one type of crust to another; plate and continental margins may or may not co-occur. B. Slopes occupy 9% of the sea floor by area, shelves occupy 7%, and rises 14%, so not very much of Earth’s surface by area. C. Relative amount of ...
... 2. Note: we're not talking about plate margins: but the change from one type of crust to another; plate and continental margins may or may not co-occur. B. Slopes occupy 9% of the sea floor by area, shelves occupy 7%, and rises 14%, so not very much of Earth’s surface by area. C. Relative amount of ...
22.4 Plate Tectonics
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
... sink into the mantle in the process of subduction. Subduction zones are near the edges of oceanic plates. As a plate sinks through a subduction zone, it bends, forming a depression in the ocean floor called a trench. ...
Continental geotherm and the evolution of rifted margins
... base of cratonic lithosphere from heat flow models (Jaupart et al., 1998), expected values of thermal conductivity and heat production in the mantle, and heat flow across the cratonic Moho (Jaupart and Mareschal, 1999). More globally, variations in the depths to the 410 and 660 km discontinuities im ...
... base of cratonic lithosphere from heat flow models (Jaupart et al., 1998), expected values of thermal conductivity and heat production in the mantle, and heat flow across the cratonic Moho (Jaupart and Mareschal, 1999). More globally, variations in the depths to the 410 and 660 km discontinuities im ...
Earth`s Moving Plates: A Look Back
... these fossil similarities were evidence that long land bridges had once connected the landmasses. He believed that the bridges later sank beneath the ocean. In 1910, American geologist Frank B. Taylor explained that mountain ranges on distant continents line up. He theorized that large polar contine ...
... these fossil similarities were evidence that long land bridges had once connected the landmasses. He believed that the bridges later sank beneath the ocean. In 1910, American geologist Frank B. Taylor explained that mountain ranges on distant continents line up. He theorized that large polar contine ...
Lecture W6-L15-17
... Exploiting shear zones is an alternate way to bring the magmas to the surface. It’s basically quite similar to dykes, except that tectonic deformation in the shear zone will help to build the pressure and move the magmas upwards. At high structural levels, the shear zones will turn into faults, that ...
... Exploiting shear zones is an alternate way to bring the magmas to the surface. It’s basically quite similar to dykes, except that tectonic deformation in the shear zone will help to build the pressure and move the magmas upwards. At high structural levels, the shear zones will turn into faults, that ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.