GeoloGy y - Revista Pesquisa Fapesp
... researchers provide two possible explanations: Either the crust was already abnormally thin before the Andes were formed or four million years ago it became so thick and hot that it lost a portion of its deepest layers, an event called delamination. On the border between Peru and Ecuador, where the ...
... researchers provide two possible explanations: Either the crust was already abnormally thin before the Andes were formed or four million years ago it became so thick and hot that it lost a portion of its deepest layers, an event called delamination. On the border between Peru and Ecuador, where the ...
Year-long float trajectories in the Labrador Sea Water of the eastern
... maintenance of stratification and property distributions are the flow and mixing of water masses in the interior of the ocean. A number of water masses are formed in the North Atlantic Ocean, owing to intense air—sea interaction in polar and subpolar regions, and to the salinification occuring in th ...
... maintenance of stratification and property distributions are the flow and mixing of water masses in the interior of the ocean. A number of water masses are formed in the North Atlantic Ocean, owing to intense air—sea interaction in polar and subpolar regions, and to the salinification occuring in th ...
Issue 2 - INDEEP
... An era of expanding deep-ocean industrialization is before us, with policy makers establishing governance frameworks for sustainable management of deep-sea resources while scientists learn more about the ecological structure and functioning of the largest biome on the planet. Missing from discussion ...
... An era of expanding deep-ocean industrialization is before us, with policy makers establishing governance frameworks for sustainable management of deep-sea resources while scientists learn more about the ecological structure and functioning of the largest biome on the planet. Missing from discussion ...
Ocean Thermodynamics
... Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA/CORE), the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) and several other experiments in the Atlantic and Pacific have been successfully carried out. “All nations agreeing to unite and cooperate in carrying out one system of philosophical research” is one such peculiar spect ...
... Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA/CORE), the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) and several other experiments in the Atlantic and Pacific have been successfully carried out. “All nations agreeing to unite and cooperate in carrying out one system of philosophical research” is one such peculiar spect ...
Ammonia concentrations in nutrient deplete oceanic waters
... limited by the availability of nitrogen. The surface waters and the surface mixed layers of many temperate oceans, eg the Atlantic, typically are greatly depleted of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species (ammonia, nitrate and nitrite), with concentrations often below 5 nmol L-1 during the months of s ...
... limited by the availability of nitrogen. The surface waters and the surface mixed layers of many temperate oceans, eg the Atlantic, typically are greatly depleted of dissolved inorganic nitrogen species (ammonia, nitrate and nitrite), with concentrations often below 5 nmol L-1 during the months of s ...
Full project description - Mar-Eco
... Seamounts -the impact of small scale seafloor topography Seamounts are undersea mountains, which rise steeply from the sea bottom to below sea level. They have an elevation of more than 1000 m with a limited extent across the summit (Menard 1964). Epp and Smoot (1989) counted as many as 810 seamount ...
... Seamounts -the impact of small scale seafloor topography Seamounts are undersea mountains, which rise steeply from the sea bottom to below sea level. They have an elevation of more than 1000 m with a limited extent across the summit (Menard 1964). Epp and Smoot (1989) counted as many as 810 seamount ...
Lower plate deformation at the Chile Triple Junction from the
... A 20 km wide field of recent or active volcanoes is present to the west of the axis of segment SCR3 (Figures 4a and 4b), paralleling the active spreading axis. Volcanoes and associated lava flows are also present to the southern end of the active segment. Recent volcanic activity at these sites is doc ...
... A 20 km wide field of recent or active volcanoes is present to the west of the axis of segment SCR3 (Figures 4a and 4b), paralleling the active spreading axis. Volcanoes and associated lava flows are also present to the southern end of the active segment. Recent volcanic activity at these sites is doc ...
exploringthe Submarine ring of fire
... originated from the primary hydrothermal site located on the easternmost portion of the central cone complex (Figure 6d). At this site, we observed the shallowest black-smoker system discovered to date at a depth of 345 m. A forest of more than a dozen active and extinct chimneys grows from a wellde ...
... originated from the primary hydrothermal site located on the easternmost portion of the central cone complex (Figure 6d). At this site, we observed the shallowest black-smoker system discovered to date at a depth of 345 m. A forest of more than a dozen active and extinct chimneys grows from a wellde ...
Effects of Hydrothermal Cooling and Magma Injection on Mid
... develop in response to the rheology and boundary conditions and are not imposed a priori. Comparing our numerical experiments with observed faulting at the center and ends of several segments along the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, we find that temperatures near the segment end must be warmer t ...
... develop in response to the rheology and boundary conditions and are not imposed a priori. Comparing our numerical experiments with observed faulting at the center and ends of several segments along the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge, we find that temperatures near the segment end must be warmer t ...
Ocean Trenches - The University of Texas at Dallas
... which he developed an analogous model using a pair of rotating drums. The war in the Pacific led to great improvements in bathymetry, especially in the western and northern Pacific, and the linear nature of the trenches became clear. The rapid growth of deepsea research efforts, especially the wides ...
... which he developed an analogous model using a pair of rotating drums. The war in the Pacific led to great improvements in bathymetry, especially in the western and northern Pacific, and the linear nature of the trenches became clear. The rapid growth of deepsea research efforts, especially the wides ...
Sediments Are Historical Records of Ocean
... seafloor are parts of the great cycles of formation and destruction assured by Earth’s hot interior. Marine sediment is composed of particles from land, from biological activity in the ocean, from chemical processes within water, and even from space. The blanket of seafloor sediment is thickest at t ...
... seafloor are parts of the great cycles of formation and destruction assured by Earth’s hot interior. Marine sediment is composed of particles from land, from biological activity in the ocean, from chemical processes within water, and even from space. The blanket of seafloor sediment is thickest at t ...
Answers to STUDY BREAK Questions Essentials 5th Chapter 5
... sediment originates on the continents or islands near them. They are carried to the ocean in rivers and streams, or by winds as blowing dust, and dominate the continental margins, abyssal plains, and polar ocean floors. Biogenous sediments, the next most abundant, consist of the hard remains of once ...
... sediment originates on the continents or islands near them. They are carried to the ocean in rivers and streams, or by winds as blowing dust, and dominate the continental margins, abyssal plains, and polar ocean floors. Biogenous sediments, the next most abundant, consist of the hard remains of once ...
Birth and Development of Continental Margin Basins
... was deposited on continental crust but is presently advancing towards oceanic crust in the main trough, and the axial trough might be covered by Quaternary and Tertiary siliciclastic sediments overlying volcanic rocks. Model 2 suggests continental breakup by detachment faults that lead to mantle exh ...
... was deposited on continental crust but is presently advancing towards oceanic crust in the main trough, and the axial trough might be covered by Quaternary and Tertiary siliciclastic sediments overlying volcanic rocks. Model 2 suggests continental breakup by detachment faults that lead to mantle exh ...
Mining Industry - Cluster Maritime Français
... apply an integrated, global approach,and it indeed provides an optimum sharing of technical risk between the public and private sectors, where each participant contributes its own particular knowledge and expertise. On that basis, scientists working on the Ifremer research vessel “L’Atalante” collec ...
... apply an integrated, global approach,and it indeed provides an optimum sharing of technical risk between the public and private sectors, where each participant contributes its own particular knowledge and expertise. On that basis, scientists working on the Ifremer research vessel “L’Atalante” collec ...
Moho Depth along the Antarctic Peninsula and
... along the profiles, provide the basis for the modelling of northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and the main the velocity distribution and depths to the seismic structures of the Bransfield Strait. boundaries in the seismic models of the crust and ——————————————————————— uppermost mantle (F ...
... along the profiles, provide the basis for the modelling of northwestern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula and the main the velocity distribution and depths to the seismic structures of the Bransfield Strait. boundaries in the seismic models of the crust and ——————————————————————— uppermost mantle (F ...
Generalized Geologic Setting of the Pacific Northwest
... not generated earthquakes in recent geologic time. New faults continue to be discovered as more field observations and earthquake data are collected. There are three different sources for damaging earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest. The first of these is the “Cascadia Subduction Zone”, a 1000 km l ...
... not generated earthquakes in recent geologic time. New faults continue to be discovered as more field observations and earthquake data are collected. There are three different sources for damaging earthquakes in the Pacific Northwest. The first of these is the “Cascadia Subduction Zone”, a 1000 km l ...
Composition of the Earth
... Primary N-MORB from averaged glass compositions in Presnall and Hoover (1987). c Calculated by inverting parental N-MORB at 0.1 wt% K 2O for 6% melting and assuming D d Calculated by extracting 3% primary N-MORB (shown here) from PUM. e Mg # = molar ratio of Mg/(Mg+Fe 2+); Mg # of N-MORB uses 90% to ...
... Primary N-MORB from averaged glass compositions in Presnall and Hoover (1987). c Calculated by inverting parental N-MORB at 0.1 wt% K 2O for 6% melting and assuming D d Calculated by extracting 3% primary N-MORB (shown here) from PUM. e Mg # = molar ratio of Mg/(Mg+Fe 2+); Mg # of N-MORB uses 90% to ...
Plate tectonics: teacher notes and student activities (AGSO Record
... At these zones, two plates are moving away from each other. In the gap formed between the two plates, molten material from the upper mantle wells up to form a chain of volcanoes creating long ridges. All of these zones are found under the ocean and the ridges are called mid-ocean ridges. An exceptio ...
... At these zones, two plates are moving away from each other. In the gap formed between the two plates, molten material from the upper mantle wells up to form a chain of volcanoes creating long ridges. All of these zones are found under the ocean and the ridges are called mid-ocean ridges. An exceptio ...
Deep-Sea Life
... at the deep seafloor, the dense necrophage aggregations and rapid consumption rates typical for vertebrate carrion have not been documented. This has led to a paradigm of limited energy transfer to higher trophic levels at jelly falls relative to vertebrate organic falls. We show from baited camera ...
... at the deep seafloor, the dense necrophage aggregations and rapid consumption rates typical for vertebrate carrion have not been documented. This has led to a paradigm of limited energy transfer to higher trophic levels at jelly falls relative to vertebrate organic falls. We show from baited camera ...
Geology 103
... 1) Direct extraction of Ca++ and CO3-2 ions from seawater by organisms - Used to form shells - Doesn't required saturated conditions - Produces carbonate material in a wide range of sizes: from barrier reefs that extend for 1,000's of km to silt and silt-sized particles (pteropod tests) - Results in ...
... 1) Direct extraction of Ca++ and CO3-2 ions from seawater by organisms - Used to form shells - Doesn't required saturated conditions - Produces carbonate material in a wide range of sizes: from barrier reefs that extend for 1,000's of km to silt and silt-sized particles (pteropod tests) - Results in ...
Continental margins near New-Caledonia
... marginal basin. The trench could have been located west of New Caledonia, in the deep basin. Throughout the history of the area, vertical and horizontal movements occurred; the vertical ones are emphasized by the series of emergences and submergences and the great uplifting of the erosion terraces i ...
... marginal basin. The trench could have been located west of New Caledonia, in the deep basin. Throughout the history of the area, vertical and horizontal movements occurred; the vertical ones are emphasized by the series of emergences and submergences and the great uplifting of the erosion terraces i ...
view as pdf - KITP Online
... Calculated by inverting parental N-MORB at 0.1 wt% K2O for 6% melting and assuming DK = 0.0013. d Calculated by extracting 3% primary N-MORB (shown here) from PUM. e Mg # = molar ratio of Mg/(Mg+Fe2+); Mg # of N-MORB uses 90% total FeO as Fe2+. f Cr # = molar ratio of Cr/(Cr+Al). a ...
... Calculated by inverting parental N-MORB at 0.1 wt% K2O for 6% melting and assuming DK = 0.0013. d Calculated by extracting 3% primary N-MORB (shown here) from PUM. e Mg # = molar ratio of Mg/(Mg+Fe2+); Mg # of N-MORB uses 90% total FeO as Fe2+. f Cr # = molar ratio of Cr/(Cr+Al). a ...
Science
... have been based on comparison of crustal seismic velocities with laboratory measurements of rock elastic wave velocities and on the study of ophiolite complexes that are often regarded as sections of old oceanic crust. Deep crustal drilling by Glomar Challenger in the Atlantic Ocean beginning in 197 ...
... have been based on comparison of crustal seismic velocities with laboratory measurements of rock elastic wave velocities and on the study of ophiolite complexes that are often regarded as sections of old oceanic crust. Deep crustal drilling by Glomar Challenger in the Atlantic Ocean beginning in 197 ...
O A CEAN
... and acid-base balance and means to measure the expression of these genes will be important for understanding the adaptability of marine organisms to changes in acidity. The global scale of the acidification suggests that options for mitigation are likely to be very limited, especially on short times ...
... and acid-base balance and means to measure the expression of these genes will be important for understanding the adaptability of marine organisms to changes in acidity. The global scale of the acidification suggests that options for mitigation are likely to be very limited, especially on short times ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.