PharmII Block I Handouts
... V. Mucosal Protective Agents A. Sucralfate (Carafate ®) is aluminum sucrose sulfate. B. It is thought to polymerize and bind selectively to necrotic tissue, thereby creating a barrier between the gastric contents and the gastric mucosa. C. Sucralfate is very effective for treating duodenal ulcers, a ...
... V. Mucosal Protective Agents A. Sucralfate (Carafate ®) is aluminum sucrose sulfate. B. It is thought to polymerize and bind selectively to necrotic tissue, thereby creating a barrier between the gastric contents and the gastric mucosa. C. Sucralfate is very effective for treating duodenal ulcers, a ...
SERIES ‘‘GENETICS OF ASTHMA AND COPD IN THE POSTGENOME ERA’’
... all of the polymorphisms across the locus will also show association, but this will not be stronger than examining the causal polymorphism alone. In the second scenario, there are three polymorphisms all of which produce functional effects. In an association study one would ideally want to examine t ...
... all of the polymorphisms across the locus will also show association, but this will not be stronger than examining the causal polymorphism alone. In the second scenario, there are three polymorphisms all of which produce functional effects. In an association study one would ideally want to examine t ...
Biol. Cybern. 73, 195-207 (1995) - Institut für Biologie Neurobiologie
... (Schneider and Steinbrecht 1968). In honeybees, olfactory receptor neurons are broadly tuned and may respond to many different odorants in a broad range of different concentrations (Vareschi 1971; Akers and Getz 1992). Certain properties demonstrate that the chemical reactions performed by the recep ...
... (Schneider and Steinbrecht 1968). In honeybees, olfactory receptor neurons are broadly tuned and may respond to many different odorants in a broad range of different concentrations (Vareschi 1971; Akers and Getz 1992). Certain properties demonstrate that the chemical reactions performed by the recep ...
lmmunohistochemical Localization
... General characteristics. At high magnification, reaction product was visible on the membrane surface of individual neurons. Cytoplasmic labeling appeared light (Fig. 4A). In some instances, the staining along the surfaces of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites was periodic or punctate in appearance, ...
... General characteristics. At high magnification, reaction product was visible on the membrane surface of individual neurons. Cytoplasmic labeling appeared light (Fig. 4A). In some instances, the staining along the surfaces of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites was periodic or punctate in appearance, ...
Long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex and chronic
... AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). Similar potentiation can be induced by theta burst stimulation (TBS) and spike-timing LTP induction protocols (adapted from Zhao et al. [6]). In the lower plot, it shows that strong TBS induced late phase LTP (L-LTP) in the ACC (red ci ...
... AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). Similar potentiation can be induced by theta burst stimulation (TBS) and spike-timing LTP induction protocols (adapted from Zhao et al. [6]). In the lower plot, it shows that strong TBS induced late phase LTP (L-LTP) in the ACC (red ci ...
Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety
... conditioned fear. E lectroPhysiological data are beginning to detail the transmitters and inter-amygdala connections that transmit information to, within, and out of the amygdala. In general, treatments that increase the excitability of amygdala output neurons in the basolateral nucleus (for examPle ...
... conditioned fear. E lectroPhysiological data are beginning to detail the transmitters and inter-amygdala connections that transmit information to, within, and out of the amygdala. In general, treatments that increase the excitability of amygdala output neurons in the basolateral nucleus (for examPle ...
Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning: a cellular and
... variety of target proteins. Autophosphorylation of αCaMKII on Thr286, for example, leads to α-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor phosphorylation, thereby increasing excitatory current influx into the postsynaptic cell53. Thus, activation of αCaMKII by NMDA receptormedi ...
... variety of target proteins. Autophosphorylation of αCaMKII on Thr286, for example, leads to α-amino-3hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor phosphorylation, thereby increasing excitatory current influx into the postsynaptic cell53. Thus, activation of αCaMKII by NMDA receptormedi ...
The Mechanistic Classification of Addictive Drugs
... 5-HTxR, serotonin receptor; GABAxR, γ-aminobutyric acid receptor; Kir3 channels, G protein inwardly rectifying potassium channels; LSD, d-lysergic acid diethylamide; NET, norepinephrine transporter; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; RR, relative risk of addiction [46]; VMAT, vesicular monoamine ...
... 5-HTxR, serotonin receptor; GABAxR, γ-aminobutyric acid receptor; Kir3 channels, G protein inwardly rectifying potassium channels; LSD, d-lysergic acid diethylamide; NET, norepinephrine transporter; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; RR, relative risk of addiction [46]; VMAT, vesicular monoamine ...
Cellular Receptors and Signal Transduction in Molluscan
... (CHO)-binding proteins are present in cell-free hemolymph or plasma of B. glabrata (Monroy et al., 1992; Mansour et al., 1995). The finding that some of these proteins are able to bind to parasite larval stages has prompted speculation that they may be functionally-associated with host immunity. Rec ...
... (CHO)-binding proteins are present in cell-free hemolymph or plasma of B. glabrata (Monroy et al., 1992; Mansour et al., 1995). The finding that some of these proteins are able to bind to parasite larval stages has prompted speculation that they may be functionally-associated with host immunity. Rec ...
1S,3R-ACPD Induces a Region of Negative Slope Conductance in
... with the stimulation of these G protein-coupled receptors, leading to an enhancement in cellular excitability (Brown and Adams 1980; Charpak et al. 1990; Gerber and Gähwiler 1994; Lüthi et al. 1996). Under voltage-clamp conditions, this effect is in part reflected by a slowly developing inward cur ...
... with the stimulation of these G protein-coupled receptors, leading to an enhancement in cellular excitability (Brown and Adams 1980; Charpak et al. 1990; Gerber and Gähwiler 1994; Lüthi et al. 1996). Under voltage-clamp conditions, this effect is in part reflected by a slowly developing inward cur ...
Case Study in Neuropathic Pain
... Can be a tissue level (primary) or At CNS level (secondary) Results in: ...
... Can be a tissue level (primary) or At CNS level (secondary) Results in: ...
Observed Drug-Receptor Association Rates Are Governed by
... solution, pH 7.4, 0.01% ascorbic acid, and 100 mM GTP. GTP was included to remove the G protein–coupled population of receptors that can result in two binding sites in membrane preparations, because the Motulsky–Mahan model is only appropriate for ligands competing at a single site. In all cases, no ...
... solution, pH 7.4, 0.01% ascorbic acid, and 100 mM GTP. GTP was included to remove the G protein–coupled population of receptors that can result in two binding sites in membrane preparations, because the Motulsky–Mahan model is only appropriate for ligands competing at a single site. In all cases, no ...
Brain stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating
... which can be modulated by alterations in activity of neutral endopeptidases (156). In addition, endogenous substance P facilitates synaptic transmission in airway parasympathetic ganglia (34, 154), similar to the effect observed with cyclooxygenase activation and the release of prostaglandins in ant ...
... which can be modulated by alterations in activity of neutral endopeptidases (156). In addition, endogenous substance P facilitates synaptic transmission in airway parasympathetic ganglia (34, 154), similar to the effect observed with cyclooxygenase activation and the release of prostaglandins in ant ...
Homeostasis and Mechanisms of Weight Regulation
... hand, leptin inhibits the output of NPY by the hypothalamus, which ultimately has the same overall effects as the CRH system. These two regulatory systems are summarized in the figure above. The function of leptin was discovered through the study of two mouse mutants. In the 1950’s, a mutation, obes ...
... hand, leptin inhibits the output of NPY by the hypothalamus, which ultimately has the same overall effects as the CRH system. These two regulatory systems are summarized in the figure above. The function of leptin was discovered through the study of two mouse mutants. In the 1950’s, a mutation, obes ...
Bladder Pharmacology Campbell-Walsh Ch. 56: 1948-1972
... Calcium Channel Blockers Potassium Channel Openers TCA ...
... Calcium Channel Blockers Potassium Channel Openers TCA ...
Opioids
... modulating effect of -opioid receptor (MOR)– mediated analgesia on descending pathways. • The pain-inhibitory neuron is indirectly activated by opioids (exogenous or endogenous), which inhibit an inhibitory (GABAergic) interneuron. • This results in enhanced inhibition of nociceptive processing in ...
... modulating effect of -opioid receptor (MOR)– mediated analgesia on descending pathways. • The pain-inhibitory neuron is indirectly activated by opioids (exogenous or endogenous), which inhibit an inhibitory (GABAergic) interneuron. • This results in enhanced inhibition of nociceptive processing in ...
The tetrapartite synapse_ Extracellular matrix remodeling
... Drug addiction has large negative consequences for individuals, families and society (Volkow et al., 2011). Significant effort has gone towards determining the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity that underlie the transition from recreational drug use to dependence/addiction, including substantial rese ...
... Drug addiction has large negative consequences for individuals, families and society (Volkow et al., 2011). Significant effort has gone towards determining the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity that underlie the transition from recreational drug use to dependence/addiction, including substantial rese ...
File
... synaptic knobs have synaptic vesicles that contain the NT (neurotransmitters). The NT are produced in the body & conducted along the axon (anterograde flow). The NT can be inhibitory or excitatory. • Synaptic cleft or gap: is app. 20nm. It is a non-anatomical continuity between the post and pre-syna ...
... synaptic knobs have synaptic vesicles that contain the NT (neurotransmitters). The NT are produced in the body & conducted along the axon (anterograde flow). The NT can be inhibitory or excitatory. • Synaptic cleft or gap: is app. 20nm. It is a non-anatomical continuity between the post and pre-syna ...
Impaired synaptic transmission was also observed in the DG in
... Associate Professor Yoshihisa Sugimura (Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes), graduate student Hisakazu Izumida (Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes) and their collaborators in Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine (Dean: Masahide Takahashi, MD, PhD) showed that, using rat models t ...
... Associate Professor Yoshihisa Sugimura (Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes), graduate student Hisakazu Izumida (Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes) and their collaborators in Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine (Dean: Masahide Takahashi, MD, PhD) showed that, using rat models t ...
Introduction of two new anaesthetic agents
... • a2-adrenoceptors: are found in both the central and peripheral nervous system. They are found both pre- and postsynaptically and serve to produce inhibitory functions. • -Presynaptic a2 receptors inhibit the release of noradrenaline and thus serve as an important receptor in the negative feedback ...
... • a2-adrenoceptors: are found in both the central and peripheral nervous system. They are found both pre- and postsynaptically and serve to produce inhibitory functions. • -Presynaptic a2 receptors inhibit the release of noradrenaline and thus serve as an important receptor in the negative feedback ...
Olfactory Organs
... • Odor information is stored in long-term memory and has strong connections to emotional memory • If your nose is at its best, you can tell the difference between 4000-10,000 smells! • Dogs have 1 million smell cells per nostril and their smell cells are 100 times larger than humans! © 2012 Pearson ...
... • Odor information is stored in long-term memory and has strong connections to emotional memory • If your nose is at its best, you can tell the difference between 4000-10,000 smells! • Dogs have 1 million smell cells per nostril and their smell cells are 100 times larger than humans! © 2012 Pearson ...
06 Physiology of synapses
... Events at a chemical synapse 1. Arrival of action potential on presynaptic neuron opens volage-gated Ca++ channels. 2. Ca++ influx into presynaptic term. 3. Ca++ acts as intracellular messenger stimulating synaptic vesicles to fuse with membrane and release NT via exocytosis. 4. Ca++ removed from sy ...
... Events at a chemical synapse 1. Arrival of action potential on presynaptic neuron opens volage-gated Ca++ channels. 2. Ca++ influx into presynaptic term. 3. Ca++ acts as intracellular messenger stimulating synaptic vesicles to fuse with membrane and release NT via exocytosis. 4. Ca++ removed from sy ...
02 Physiology of synapses, interneuronal connections
... Events at a chemical synapse 1. Arrival of action potential on presynaptic neuron opens volage-gated Ca++ channels. 2. Ca++ influx into presynaptic term. 3. Ca++ acts as intracellular messenger stimulating synaptic vesicles to fuse with membrane and release NT via exocytosis. 4. Ca++ removed from sy ...
... Events at a chemical synapse 1. Arrival of action potential on presynaptic neuron opens volage-gated Ca++ channels. 2. Ca++ influx into presynaptic term. 3. Ca++ acts as intracellular messenger stimulating synaptic vesicles to fuse with membrane and release NT via exocytosis. 4. Ca++ removed from sy ...
Redox regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases during receptor
... the one-electron reduction of O2 to Oz2 2 , which spontaneously or enzymatically dismutes to H2O2 (Fig. 1b). Several lines of evidence demonstrate that NADPH oxidase is specifically involved in the generation of ROS by soluble growth factors such as transforming growth factor-b1 [10,11], interleukin ...
... the one-electron reduction of O2 to Oz2 2 , which spontaneously or enzymatically dismutes to H2O2 (Fig. 1b). Several lines of evidence demonstrate that NADPH oxidase is specifically involved in the generation of ROS by soluble growth factors such as transforming growth factor-b1 [10,11], interleukin ...
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. It is activated when glutamate and glycine (or D-serine) bind to it, and when activated it allows positively charged ions to flow through the cell membrane. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.The NMDAR is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate receptor. The NMDA receptor is named this because the agonist molecule N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) binds selectively to it, and not to other glutamate receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations with a reversal potential near 0 mV. A property of the NMDA receptor is its voltage-dependent activation, a result of ion channel block by extracellular Mg2+ & Zn2+ ions. This allows the flow of Na+ and small amounts of Ca2+ ions into the cell and K+ out of the cell to be voltage-dependent.Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to be critical in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. The NMDA receptor is distinct in two ways: first, it is both ligand-gated and voltage-dependent; second, it requires co-activation by two ligands: glutamate and either D-serine or glycine.The activity of the NMDA receptor is affected by many psychoactive drugs such as phencyclidine (PCP), alcohol (ethanol) and dextromethorphan (DXM). The anaesthetic effects of the drugs ketamine and nitrous oxide are partially because of their effects on NMDA receptor activity.