4 Impedance and collective effects
... As the beam intensity increases, the beam can no longer be considered as a collection of non-interacting single particles: in addition to the “single-particle phenomena”, “collective effects” become significant. At low intensity a beam of charged particles moves around an accelerator under the Loren ...
... As the beam intensity increases, the beam can no longer be considered as a collection of non-interacting single particles: in addition to the “single-particle phenomena”, “collective effects” become significant. At low intensity a beam of charged particles moves around an accelerator under the Loren ...
MASS ACTION AND CONSERVATION OF CURRENT
... movements are driven by many forces, e.g. mechanical, convectional, thermal, diffusional, as well as electrical. The issues involved are illustrated in Fig.2 [5] and the following extensive discussion. I then advocate using variational treatments of forces and movements because variational methods a ...
... movements are driven by many forces, e.g. mechanical, convectional, thermal, diffusional, as well as electrical. The issues involved are illustrated in Fig.2 [5] and the following extensive discussion. I then advocate using variational treatments of forces and movements because variational methods a ...
An image-based reaction field method for electrostatic interactions in
... including simple cutoff methods,35 a variety of lattice-sum methods such as Ewald summation,36,37 particle-mesh Ewald 共PME兲38,39 or particle-particle particle-mesh,40,41 and fast multipole methods 共FMM兲.42,43 Of these, the lattice-sum methods are considered to be most accurate.35 Simulations in expl ...
... including simple cutoff methods,35 a variety of lattice-sum methods such as Ewald summation,36,37 particle-mesh Ewald 共PME兲38,39 or particle-particle particle-mesh,40,41 and fast multipole methods 共FMM兲.42,43 Of these, the lattice-sum methods are considered to be most accurate.35 Simulations in expl ...
URL - StealthSkater
... constraints. Since TGD predicts several scaled variants of weak and color interactions, these copies could be perhaps parameterized by some elements of SL(2,Z) and by a scaling factor K. Could one understand the general qualitative features of color and weak coupling contant evolutions from the prop ...
... constraints. Since TGD predicts several scaled variants of weak and color interactions, these copies could be perhaps parameterized by some elements of SL(2,Z) and by a scaling factor K. Could one understand the general qualitative features of color and weak coupling contant evolutions from the prop ...
The Autler–Townes Effect in Molecules
... the AT effect in alkali diatomic molecules, including applications involving angular momentum alignment, absolute measurements of transition dipole moment functions, and quantum control of spin–orbit perturbations. We present the important features of molecular AT and its applications. The AT effect ...
... the AT effect in alkali diatomic molecules, including applications involving angular momentum alignment, absolute measurements of transition dipole moment functions, and quantum control of spin–orbit perturbations. We present the important features of molecular AT and its applications. The AT effect ...
Colloidal Dispersions in Fluid Media: Electric, Magnetic and Light Control
... earliest days of civilization: from prehistorical paintings or medical unguents, to cosmetics, sauces or modern pharmaceutical preparations. However, it was not until the early XIXth century when scientists, like Thomas Graham1 or Michael Faraday,2 started to focus in their study. Since then, the Ph ...
... earliest days of civilization: from prehistorical paintings or medical unguents, to cosmetics, sauces or modern pharmaceutical preparations. However, it was not until the early XIXth century when scientists, like Thomas Graham1 or Michael Faraday,2 started to focus in their study. Since then, the Ph ...
Microrheology using spherical and ellipsoidal
... techniques to characterize viscoelastic materials. In traditional rheological experiments, properties of complex fluids such as polymers are investigated using conventional rheometers. Recently however a new technology, called microrheology, has been developed in this field. In microrheology, rheolo ...
... techniques to characterize viscoelastic materials. In traditional rheological experiments, properties of complex fluids such as polymers are investigated using conventional rheometers. Recently however a new technology, called microrheology, has been developed in this field. In microrheology, rheolo ...
Notes on (algebra based) Physics
... The pursuit of science is to gain a fundamental understanding of the principles governing our nature. A fundamental understanding includes the ability to make predictions. Time The very idea of prediction stems from the fact that time t always moves forward, that is, ∆t = tf − ti > 0, ...
... The pursuit of science is to gain a fundamental understanding of the principles governing our nature. A fundamental understanding includes the ability to make predictions. Time The very idea of prediction stems from the fact that time t always moves forward, that is, ∆t = tf − ti > 0, ...
Chapter 7 -- Removal of Particles from Gas Streams
... 2. Migration of charged particle in an electric field. The particle-containing gas stream is introduced into a device in which the particles are charged and then subjected to an electric field. The resulting electrostatic force on the particles causes them to migrate to one of the surfaces of the de ...
... 2. Migration of charged particle in an electric field. The particle-containing gas stream is introduced into a device in which the particles are charged and then subjected to an electric field. The resulting electrostatic force on the particles causes them to migrate to one of the surfaces of the de ...
Towards an understanding of induced
... applications in microfluidics [1, 2, 3], but often in new situations that raise fundamental theoretical questions. The classical theory of electrokinetics, dating back to Helmholtz and Smoluchowski a century ago [4], was developed for the effective linear hydrodynamic slip driven by an electric fiel ...
... applications in microfluidics [1, 2, 3], but often in new situations that raise fundamental theoretical questions. The classical theory of electrokinetics, dating back to Helmholtz and Smoluchowski a century ago [4], was developed for the effective linear hydrodynamic slip driven by an electric fiel ...
Graphene: Exploring carbon flatland
... massless, relativistic particles, graphene has many properties that can be anticipated just by browsing a textbook on relativistic quantum mechanics. The Dirac equation tells us, for example, that by transforming themselves into virtual antiparticles, relativistic particles can penetrate a potential ...
... massless, relativistic particles, graphene has many properties that can be anticipated just by browsing a textbook on relativistic quantum mechanics. The Dirac equation tells us, for example, that by transforming themselves into virtual antiparticles, relativistic particles can penetrate a potential ...
Fundamental interaction
Fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions in physical systems that don't appear to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four conventionally accepted fundamental interactions—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear. Each one is understood as the dynamics of a field. The gravitational force is modeled as a continuous classical field. The other three are each modeled as discrete quantum fields, and exhibit a measurable unit or elementary particle.Gravitation and electromagnetism act over a potentially infinite distance across the universe. They mediate macroscopic phenomena every day. The other two fields act over minuscule, subatomic distances. The strong nuclear interaction is responsible for the binding of atomic nuclei. The weak nuclear interaction also acts on the nucleus, mediating radioactive decay.Theoretical physicists working beyond the Standard Model seek to quantize the gravitational field toward predictions that particle physicists can experimentally confirm, thus yielding acceptance to a theory of quantum gravity (QG). (Phenomena suitable to model as a fifth force—perhaps an added gravitational effect—remain widely disputed). Other theorists seek to unite the electroweak and strong fields within a Grand Unified Theory (GUT). While all four fundamental interactions are widely thought to align at an extremely minuscule scale, particle accelerators cannot produce the massive energy levels required to experimentally probe at that Planck scale (which would experimentally confirm such theories). Yet some theories, such as the string theory, seek both QG and GUT within one framework, unifying all four fundamental interactions along with mass generation within a theory of everything (ToE).