Lesson 21. Electrophoresis
... deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules by applying to a gel matrix an electric field that periodically changes direction. While in general small fragments can find their way through the gel matrix more easily than large DNA fragments, a threshold length exists above 30–50 kb where all large fragments ...
... deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules by applying to a gel matrix an electric field that periodically changes direction. While in general small fragments can find their way through the gel matrix more easily than large DNA fragments, a threshold length exists above 30–50 kb where all large fragments ...
Introduction to Modern Canonical Quantum General Relativity
... Canonical quantum general relativity is an attempt to define a mathematically rigorous, nonperturbative, background independent theory of Lorentzian quantum gravity in four spacetime dimensions in the continuum. As such it differs considerably from perturbative ansätze. It provides a unified theory ...
... Canonical quantum general relativity is an attempt to define a mathematically rigorous, nonperturbative, background independent theory of Lorentzian quantum gravity in four spacetime dimensions in the continuum. As such it differs considerably from perturbative ansätze. It provides a unified theory ...
Resource Letter EM-1: Electromagnetic Momentum
... should be sent to Professor Roger H. Stuewer, Editor, AAPT Resource Letters, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 ...
... should be sent to Professor Roger H. Stuewer, Editor, AAPT Resource Letters, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 ...
Relativistic quantum information theory and quantum reference frames
... Quantum mechanics and general relativity are both extremely successful theories. However, the theories each have a limited domain of applicability which cannot adequately describe extreme phenomena where both quantum and gravitational effects are important. There is research into developing a fundam ...
... Quantum mechanics and general relativity are both extremely successful theories. However, the theories each have a limited domain of applicability which cannot adequately describe extreme phenomena where both quantum and gravitational effects are important. There is research into developing a fundam ...
Molecular dynamics simulations of protein
... self-replication. Life evolved from single- to multi-cellular organisms. Today, all organisms depend on the functional interaction of highly specialized molecular nanomachines, the proteins. How can you gain insight into the nanoscopic world of life on the molecular level? The answer lies in the com ...
... self-replication. Life evolved from single- to multi-cellular organisms. Today, all organisms depend on the functional interaction of highly specialized molecular nanomachines, the proteins. How can you gain insight into the nanoscopic world of life on the molecular level? The answer lies in the com ...
Physics Mechanics
... If the speeds of the interacting objects are very large, we must replace Classical mechanics with Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which hold at any speed, including those near the speed of light. If the interacting bodies are on the scale of atomic structure, we must replace Classical mecha ...
... If the speeds of the interacting objects are very large, we must replace Classical mechanics with Einstein’s special theory of relativity, which hold at any speed, including those near the speed of light. If the interacting bodies are on the scale of atomic structure, we must replace Classical mecha ...
The Bit and the Pendulum (From Quantum Computing to M Theory)
... experiment after experiment, showing the universe to be a much stranger place than scientists of the past could possibly have imagined. But because quantum mechanics works so well, describing experimental outcomes so successfully, most physicists don't care about how weird it is. Physicists simply u ...
... experiment after experiment, showing the universe to be a much stranger place than scientists of the past could possibly have imagined. But because quantum mechanics works so well, describing experimental outcomes so successfully, most physicists don't care about how weird it is. Physicists simply u ...
silicon in the quantum limit: quantum computing
... The pursuit of spin and quantum entanglement-based devices in solid-state systems has become a global endeavor. The approach of the quantum size limit in computer electronics, the many recent advances in nanofabrication, and the rediscovery that information is physical (and thus based on quantum phy ...
... The pursuit of spin and quantum entanglement-based devices in solid-state systems has become a global endeavor. The approach of the quantum size limit in computer electronics, the many recent advances in nanofabrication, and the rediscovery that information is physical (and thus based on quantum phy ...
higher dimensional defects in cosmology tufts university
... then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary; while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.” — Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) ...
... then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary; while the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me.” — Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) ...
HQ-1: Conference on the History of Quantum Physics Max Planck
... mutually independent energy quanta of magnitude Rβν/N .”4 Einstein cited three experimental supports for his light-quantum hypothesis, the most famous one being the photoelectric effect, which was discovered by Heinrich Hertz at the end of 18865 and explored in detail experimentally by Philipp Lenar ...
... mutually independent energy quanta of magnitude Rβν/N .”4 Einstein cited three experimental supports for his light-quantum hypothesis, the most famous one being the photoelectric effect, which was discovered by Heinrich Hertz at the end of 18865 and explored in detail experimentally by Philipp Lenar ...
J. J. Thomson From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is
... Several scientists, such as William Prout and Norman Lockyer, had suggested that atoms were built up from a more fundamental unit, but they envisioned this unit to be the size of the smallest atom, hydrogen. Thomson in 1897 was the first to suggest that one of the fundamental units was more than 1,0 ...
... Several scientists, such as William Prout and Norman Lockyer, had suggested that atoms were built up from a more fundamental unit, but they envisioned this unit to be the size of the smallest atom, hydrogen. Thomson in 1897 was the first to suggest that one of the fundamental units was more than 1,0 ...
Electric-dipole moments of elementary particles
... where d.r is a differential volume element. If the particle is charged this definition implies that the centre of charge of the particle is displaced from the centre of mass if D # 0. If, on the other hand, the particle has no net charge, the definition implies a greater positive charge in one hemis ...
... where d.r is a differential volume element. If the particle is charged this definition implies that the centre of charge of the particle is displaced from the centre of mass if D # 0. If, on the other hand, the particle has no net charge, the definition implies a greater positive charge in one hemis ...
Fundamental interaction
Fundamental interactions, also known as fundamental forces, are the interactions in physical systems that don't appear to be reducible to more basic interactions. There are four conventionally accepted fundamental interactions—gravitational, electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear. Each one is understood as the dynamics of a field. The gravitational force is modeled as a continuous classical field. The other three are each modeled as discrete quantum fields, and exhibit a measurable unit or elementary particle.Gravitation and electromagnetism act over a potentially infinite distance across the universe. They mediate macroscopic phenomena every day. The other two fields act over minuscule, subatomic distances. The strong nuclear interaction is responsible for the binding of atomic nuclei. The weak nuclear interaction also acts on the nucleus, mediating radioactive decay.Theoretical physicists working beyond the Standard Model seek to quantize the gravitational field toward predictions that particle physicists can experimentally confirm, thus yielding acceptance to a theory of quantum gravity (QG). (Phenomena suitable to model as a fifth force—perhaps an added gravitational effect—remain widely disputed). Other theorists seek to unite the electroweak and strong fields within a Grand Unified Theory (GUT). While all four fundamental interactions are widely thought to align at an extremely minuscule scale, particle accelerators cannot produce the massive energy levels required to experimentally probe at that Planck scale (which would experimentally confirm such theories). Yet some theories, such as the string theory, seek both QG and GUT within one framework, unifying all four fundamental interactions along with mass generation within a theory of everything (ToE).