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... of the few biological compounds in which iodine is incorporated. For thyroid hormone biosynthesis to rely on a trace element at first seems strange, not in the least when we consider the many fundamental processes under control of thyroid hormones, which will be addressed in the following paragraph. ...
... of the few biological compounds in which iodine is incorporated. For thyroid hormone biosynthesis to rely on a trace element at first seems strange, not in the least when we consider the many fundamental processes under control of thyroid hormones, which will be addressed in the following paragraph. ...
CHAPTER 40 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
... hyperplastic type and disappear a few weeks after birth.16 Ultrasonography provides a useful noninvasive investigation in assessing the size of the goiter as well as the response to therapy. Rarely, goiters may be large enough to produce severe respiratory distress by tracheal compression. These pat ...
... hyperplastic type and disappear a few weeks after birth.16 Ultrasonography provides a useful noninvasive investigation in assessing the size of the goiter as well as the response to therapy. Rarely, goiters may be large enough to produce severe respiratory distress by tracheal compression. These pat ...
2011: master class reptilian thyroid anatomy, physiology and disease
... ultimobrachial (which secrete calcitonin) are also found nearby but separate. Thyroid glands are capable of regeneration if damaged or removed (Denver and Licht,1991). THYROID PHYSIOLOGY In reptiles thyroid physiology influences many processes such as shedding (Lynn, 1970), growth, development (Denv ...
... ultimobrachial (which secrete calcitonin) are also found nearby but separate. Thyroid glands are capable of regeneration if damaged or removed (Denver and Licht,1991). THYROID PHYSIOLOGY In reptiles thyroid physiology influences many processes such as shedding (Lynn, 1970), growth, development (Denv ...
Role of Vasopressin on Adrenergic Neurotransmission in Human
... which were abolished by tetrodotoxin, guanethidine and prazosin (all at 1026 M), thus indicating that the effect was due to the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings acting on alpha-1 adrenoceptors. Vasopressin 10212 M did not cause any contractions nor did it enhance the contracti ...
... which were abolished by tetrodotoxin, guanethidine and prazosin (all at 1026 M), thus indicating that the effect was due to the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings acting on alpha-1 adrenoceptors. Vasopressin 10212 M did not cause any contractions nor did it enhance the contracti ...
Late-Onset Hypogonadism
... any substantial, sufficient increase of endosynthesis of testosterone. And here lies the fundamental error – the statement that hCG does not result in any substantial increase of testosterone endosynthesis is untrue!!! Therapy based on hCG allows doubling the concentration of testosterone, which in ...
... any substantial, sufficient increase of endosynthesis of testosterone. And here lies the fundamental error – the statement that hCG does not result in any substantial increase of testosterone endosynthesis is untrue!!! Therapy based on hCG allows doubling the concentration of testosterone, which in ...
Thyroid Uptake on FDG PET/CT: What the Radiologist Needs to Know
... • NHLs can be divided into aggressive and indolent cell types • The most common cell type is diffuse large-cell lymphoma, either associated or unassociated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (MALToma) • They most frequently arise from lymph nodes, but an extranodal site can be th ...
... • NHLs can be divided into aggressive and indolent cell types • The most common cell type is diffuse large-cell lymphoma, either associated or unassociated with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma (MALToma) • They most frequently arise from lymph nodes, but an extranodal site can be th ...
7 Thyroid Gland
... performed 48 – 96 h later. Radioiodine imaging has diagnostic as well as prognostic value. Iodine-avid tumors tend to have well-differentiated histological features and a favorable prognosis, whereas tumors that do not accumulate iodine are likely to be less differentiated and more aggressive [13, 2 ...
... performed 48 – 96 h later. Radioiodine imaging has diagnostic as well as prognostic value. Iodine-avid tumors tend to have well-differentiated histological features and a favorable prognosis, whereas tumors that do not accumulate iodine are likely to be less differentiated and more aggressive [13, 2 ...
Thyrotropin releasing hormone increases intraocular
... was observed. This IOP elevation was not due to a direct effect of TRH on ocular tissues since intravitreal injections of 0.1 and 1 ixg TRH did not change IOP. Concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T-3), epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) in the plasma were el ...
... was observed. This IOP elevation was not due to a direct effect of TRH on ocular tissues since intravitreal injections of 0.1 and 1 ixg TRH did not change IOP. Concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T-3), epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) in the plasma were el ...
Controversies In The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Hypothyroidism
... Due to the differences in the pituitary’s response to physiological stress, depression, dieting, aging, and inflammation as discussed, most individuals with diminished tissue levels of thyroid will have a normal TSH (1-63). Doctors are taught that if active thyroid (T3) levels drop, the TSH will inc ...
... Due to the differences in the pituitary’s response to physiological stress, depression, dieting, aging, and inflammation as discussed, most individuals with diminished tissue levels of thyroid will have a normal TSH (1-63). Doctors are taught that if active thyroid (T3) levels drop, the TSH will inc ...
Role of ghrelin and leptin in the regulation of carbohydrate
... insulin release as well as to decrease the second phase of insulin secretion. It activates the transcription of STST-3. The whole process of receptor activation is controlled by proteins that are dependent on suppressor of cytokine signaling (SCOS) activity [32,44,47]. Additionally, leptin was shown ...
... insulin release as well as to decrease the second phase of insulin secretion. It activates the transcription of STST-3. The whole process of receptor activation is controlled by proteins that are dependent on suppressor of cytokine signaling (SCOS) activity [32,44,47]. Additionally, leptin was shown ...
Pathophysiology of thyroid gland
... often due to a definable cause of impaired thyroid hormone biosynthesis, such as iodine deficiency, and ingestion of goitrogens. Sometimes it is due to an inborn defect in a hormone synthesis pathway, but in some instances its cause is not exactly known. 1. Iodine deficiency in food and water. Iodine a ...
... often due to a definable cause of impaired thyroid hormone biosynthesis, such as iodine deficiency, and ingestion of goitrogens. Sometimes it is due to an inborn defect in a hormone synthesis pathway, but in some instances its cause is not exactly known. 1. Iodine deficiency in food and water. Iodine a ...
Autonomic regulation of islet hormone secretion
... [42, 51]. The islet action of GRP is therefore related to changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and through the formation of DAG and activation of PKC. A recent study in insulin producing cells showed that GRP induces a typical pattern of oscillatory actions on cytosolic Ca2+ which is due to both dynamic rele ...
... [42, 51]. The islet action of GRP is therefore related to changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and through the formation of DAG and activation of PKC. A recent study in insulin producing cells showed that GRP induces a typical pattern of oscillatory actions on cytosolic Ca2+ which is due to both dynamic rele ...
Relationship between serum zinc levels, thyroid hormones and
... studies concerning the effects of zinc supplementation on thyroid function have generally been carried out in small groups. In one such study in which 25 mg of zinc was given to euthyroid and hyperthyroid patients, it was shown that zinc depresses TSH levels in healthy subjects.23 In our study, we i ...
... studies concerning the effects of zinc supplementation on thyroid function have generally been carried out in small groups. In one such study in which 25 mg of zinc was given to euthyroid and hyperthyroid patients, it was shown that zinc depresses TSH levels in healthy subjects.23 In our study, we i ...
SECTION 11 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine comes
... Endocrine comes from the word elements end/o which means inside, crin- which means to secrete, and the -e, which is a noun suffix. The hormones produced by the glands included in the endocrine system are released into the bloodstream which then carries these chemical messengers throughout the body. ...
... Endocrine comes from the word elements end/o which means inside, crin- which means to secrete, and the -e, which is a noun suffix. The hormones produced by the glands included in the endocrine system are released into the bloodstream which then carries these chemical messengers throughout the body. ...
Developmental Toxicity of Thyroid-Active Compounds in a
... Software, San Diego, CA, USA). For the in vivo data that were collected from literature, a dose of 10 ppm MMI, equivalent to 10 mg/kg, was converted to 0.5 mg/kg bw/day based on the assumption that rats consume 5% of their body weight of food each day. ...
... Software, San Diego, CA, USA). For the in vivo data that were collected from literature, a dose of 10 ppm MMI, equivalent to 10 mg/kg, was converted to 0.5 mg/kg bw/day based on the assumption that rats consume 5% of their body weight of food each day. ...
Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance
... of leptin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the production of circulating LR extracellular domain to complex with leptin (10, 11). Many of the effects of leptin result from actions in the CNS, particularly in the hypothalamus, a site of high LRb mRNA expression (12–15). In the hypothalamus, l ...
... of leptin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the production of circulating LR extracellular domain to complex with leptin (10, 11). Many of the effects of leptin result from actions in the CNS, particularly in the hypothalamus, a site of high LRb mRNA expression (12–15). In the hypothalamus, l ...
Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new
... The thyroid hormones are very hydrophobic and those that exhibit biological activity are 3h,5h,3,5-tetraiodothyronine (T4), 3h,5,3--triiodothyronine (T3), 3h,5h,3--triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2). At physiological pH, dissociation of the phenolic kOH group of these iodot ...
... The thyroid hormones are very hydrophobic and those that exhibit biological activity are 3h,5h,3,5-tetraiodothyronine (T4), 3h,5,3--triiodothyronine (T3), 3h,5h,3--triiodothyronine (rT3) and 3,5,-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2). At physiological pH, dissociation of the phenolic kOH group of these iodot ...
thyroiditis
... accompanied with fever, malaise and muscle aches • Silent thyroiditis (subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis) may occur at any age and is more common in females as subtype of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and have an autoimmune basis • Riedel's thyroiditis (Riedel's struma, IgG4-related d ...
... accompanied with fever, malaise and muscle aches • Silent thyroiditis (subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, painless thyroiditis) may occur at any age and is more common in females as subtype of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and have an autoimmune basis • Riedel's thyroiditis (Riedel's struma, IgG4-related d ...
The interaction between growth hormone and the thyroid axis in
... following growth hormone (GH) replacement. The aim of this study was to examine potential mechanisms responsible for GH-induced changes in the HPT axis. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the relationship between changes in the serum concentration of thyroid hormones and peripheral biomarkers of thyro ...
... following growth hormone (GH) replacement. The aim of this study was to examine potential mechanisms responsible for GH-induced changes in the HPT axis. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the relationship between changes in the serum concentration of thyroid hormones and peripheral biomarkers of thyro ...
Tuberculosis of the Thyroid Gland: An Uncommon Cause of Thyroid
... Ziehl Nielsen staining was negative for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). There was no evidence of disease outside the cervical region. Her chest x-ray was normal. The patient improved with antituberculous therapy consisting of isoniazid 5 mg/kg/d, rifampicin 10 mg/kg/d, pyrazinamide 25/kg/d, and ethambutol ...
... Ziehl Nielsen staining was negative for Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB). There was no evidence of disease outside the cervical region. Her chest x-ray was normal. The patient improved with antituberculous therapy consisting of isoniazid 5 mg/kg/d, rifampicin 10 mg/kg/d, pyrazinamide 25/kg/d, and ethambutol ...
A computational model of the human thyroid
... in order to study possible feedback structures that may play a role in the generation of TSH pulses in the human pituitary. However, this analysis relies on a static intrathyroidal model. The goal of our research is to incorporate recent discoveries of intrathyroidal cell biology to refine computatio ...
... in order to study possible feedback structures that may play a role in the generation of TSH pulses in the human pituitary. However, this analysis relies on a static intrathyroidal model. The goal of our research is to incorporate recent discoveries of intrathyroidal cell biology to refine computatio ...
Morphometry of Sella Turcica in An Indian Population Using
... were obtained after appropriate reconstruction [Table/Fig-2]. a. Length of Sella Turcica: The distance between the tuberculum sella and posterior clinoid process. b. Depth of Sella Turcica: The maximum perpendicular distance between the line joining the tuberculum sella and the posterior clinoid p ...
... were obtained after appropriate reconstruction [Table/Fig-2]. a. Length of Sella Turcica: The distance between the tuberculum sella and posterior clinoid process. b. Depth of Sella Turcica: The maximum perpendicular distance between the line joining the tuberculum sella and the posterior clinoid p ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... Dessem, Dean, Revers Donga, and Pifu Luo. Primary- and secondary-like jaw-muscle spindle afferents have characteristic topographic distributions. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2925–2944, 1997. Single jaw-muscle spindle afferent axons were characterized physiologically and intracellularly stained to determine ...
... Dessem, Dean, Revers Donga, and Pifu Luo. Primary- and secondary-like jaw-muscle spindle afferents have characteristic topographic distributions. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2925–2944, 1997. Single jaw-muscle spindle afferent axons were characterized physiologically and intracellularly stained to determine ...
320 Disorders of the Thyroid Gland
... extent and nature of carbohydrate modification are modulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation and influence the biologic activity of the hormone. The thyroid axis is a classic example of an endocrine feedback loop. Hypothalamic TRH stimulates pituitary production of TSH, which, in ...
... extent and nature of carbohydrate modification are modulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation and influence the biologic activity of the hormone. The thyroid axis is a classic example of an endocrine feedback loop. Hypothalamic TRH stimulates pituitary production of TSH, which, in ...
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus (from Greek ὑπό, ""under"" and θάλαμος, ""room, chamber"") is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of the most important functions of the hypothalamus is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland (hypophysis).The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brainstem and is part of the limbic system. In the terminology of neuroanatomy, it forms the ventral part of the diencephalon. All vertebrate brains contain a hypothalamus. In humans, it is the size of an almond.The hypothalamus is responsible for certain metabolic processes and other activities of the autonomic nervous system. It synthesizes and secretes certain neurohormones, often called releasing hormones or hypothalamic hormones, and these in turn stimulate or inhibit the secretion of pituitary hormones.The hypothalamus controls body temperature, hunger, important aspects of parenting and attachment behaviors, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.