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12. CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY • Confocal microscopy can render
12. CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY • Confocal microscopy can render

A light scattering study of non equilibrium fluctuations
A light scattering study of non equilibrium fluctuations

... intermediate scattering function of NEFs for each wave vector covered by the NFS experiment and each delay time contained in the image sequence. Working at 1:1 magnification, the theoretically accessible wave vectors are set by the size of the area detector and the pixel size. If L is the edge lengt ...
Investigations on the Theory of the Transverse Doppler Effect
Investigations on the Theory of the Transverse Doppler Effect

... Equations (1) and (2) are the formulas of the relativistic Doppler shift and of the aberration. Where u = cβ, γ = (1 − β 2 )−1/2 and c is the velocity of light in vacuum. The inverse transformation, from ν 0 and α0 to ν and α, can be easily obtained from equations (1) and (2) by straightforward calc ...
Connection of scattering principles: a visual and
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Optical design of reflectionless complex media by
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... to an external observer and allow to transfer the electromagnetic field manipulations from the transformation optical medium to another medium. In addition, a heuristic topological design criterion was described in order to engineer the transformation optical device perfectly reflectionless. The new ...
Interference with monochromatic light
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... A parallel beam of monochromatic light enters from the left side under the angle of incidence ϑ. Due to multiple reflection between the mirrors there is an infinite number of beams leaving the device to the right side; they are all laterally displaced by the same amount with respect to their neighbo ...
RAY OPTICS I
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... 1. The first principal ray is the ray that goes through the center of the lens. Near the center of the lens, the front and back surfaces of the lens are essentially parallel, like an ordinary flat piece of glass. Just as photons going through a flat pane of glass are not significantly deflected, so ...
Optical techniques for molecular manipulation
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... gain can be exploited to engineer novel functionalities for propagating and filtering electromagnetic radiation. Here we show a generic property of optical systems that feature an unbalanced distribution of loss and gain, described by non-normal operators, namely that an overall lossy optical system ...
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... in 1932 as a quasi-probability distribution to describe quantum mechanics in phase space. Later the Wigner function was introduced into optics by Dolin and Walther [2–4], to describe an optical signal in phase space. There are several remarkable advantages of using the Wigner function for analyzing ...
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... Note that the convolution over the z coordinate is only strictly valid if the form of the probe is unchanged by scattering within the sample. In the case of isolated nanoparticles on a light support, this is a reasonable approximation. Using the convolution theorem (Bracewell 2000), the Fourier tran ...
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A finite element beam propagation method for simulation of liquid
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A spatial light modulator for ion trapping experiments
A spatial light modulator for ion trapping experiments

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Fourier optics

Fourier optics is the study of classical optics using Fourier transforms, in which the wave is regarded as a superposition of plane waves that are not related to any identifiable sources; instead they are the natural modes of the propagation medium itself. Fourier optics can be seen as the dual of the Huygens–Fresnel principle, in which the wave is regarded as a superposition of expanding spherical waves which radiate outward from actual (physically identifiable) current sources via a Green's function relationship (see Double-slit experiment)A curved phasefront may be synthesized from an infinite number of these ""natural modes"" i.e., from plane wave phasefronts oriented in different directions in space. Far from its sources, an expanding spherical wave is locally tangent to a planar phase front (a single plane wave out of the infinite spectrum), which is transverse to the radial direction of propagation. In this case, a Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is created, which emanates from a single spherical wave phase center. In the near field, no single well-defined spherical wave phase center exists, so the wavefront isn't locally tangent to a spherical ball. In this case, a Fresnel diffraction pattern would be created, which emanates from an extended source, consisting of a distribution of (physically identifiable) spherical wave sources in space. In the near field, a full spectrum of plane waves is necessary to represent the Fresnel near-field wave, even locally. A ""wide"" wave moving forward (like an expanding ocean wave coming toward the shore) can be regarded as an infinite number of ""plane wave modes"", all of which could (when they collide with something in the way) scatter independently of one other. These mathematical simplifications and calculations are the realm of Fourier analysis and synthesis – together, they can describe what happens when light passes through various slits, lenses or mirrors curved one way or the other, or is fully or partially reflected. Fourier optics forms much of the theory behind image processing techniques, as well as finding applications where information needs to be extracted from optical sources such as in quantum optics. To put it in a slightly more complex way, similar to the concept of frequency and time used in traditional Fourier transform theory, Fourier optics makes use of the spatial frequency domain (kx, ky) as the conjugate of the spatial (x,y) domain. Terms and concepts such as transform theory, spectrum, bandwidth, window functions and sampling from one-dimensional signal processing are commonly used.
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