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Optical Nonlinearities in the Transparency Region of Bulk Semiconductors . W
Optical Nonlinearities in the Transparency Region of Bulk Semiconductors . W

... experimental techniques including Z-scan (Sheik-Bahae et al., 1989, 1990b), wave-mixing schemes (Adair et al., 1989), and interferometric methods (LeGasse et al., 1990), while Section VII discusses a number of potential applications, namely, all-optical-switchingand optical limiting. Finally, the co ...
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... scale structures over large substrate areas [8, 9]. Photonic structures are defined in photoresist by isointensity (iso-laser dosage) surfaces of interference patterns [10]. A desired geometrical structure could be obtained by single or multiple exposures [7-9, 11, 12]. The holographic lithography ...
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... Nonlinear photonic crystals (NPCs) [1,2], in which the second-order susceptibility χ (2) is spatially modulated, open a door in the field of nonlinear wave mixing, like second-harmonic generation (SHG), sum-frequency generation, difference-frequency generation and so on. The phase matching of collin ...
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The American University in Cairo School of Science and Engineering
The American University in Cairo School of Science and Engineering

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Full-Text PDF

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Replication of Holograms with Corn Syrup by Rubbing
Replication of Holograms with Corn Syrup by Rubbing

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Birefringence



Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are said to be birefringent (or birefractive). The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with asymmetric crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress.Birefringence is responsible for the phenomenon of double refraction whereby a ray of light, when incident upon a birefringent material, is split by polarization into two rays taking slightly different paths. This effect was first described by the Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669, who observed it in calcite, a crystal having one of the strongest birefringences. However it was not until the 19th century that Augustin-Jean Fresnel described the phenomenon in terms of polarization, understanding light as a wave with field components in transverse polarizations (perpendicular to the direction of the wave vector).
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