CSPs in Indonesia
... Why are CSPs necessary? Post-1998 monetary crisis, Indonesia's economy was characterised as one with: a large amount of foreign debt that was the result of 30 years borrowing by the government of the new order. Indonesia had accumulated debts of USD 120 billion (19671997) which led to a high level i ...
... Why are CSPs necessary? Post-1998 monetary crisis, Indonesia's economy was characterised as one with: a large amount of foreign debt that was the result of 30 years borrowing by the government of the new order. Indonesia had accumulated debts of USD 120 billion (19671997) which led to a high level i ...
Press summary (PDF, 123 KB)
... trying to improve their asset positions. This will dampen demand – although to a declining degree – until the end of the forecast period. There are however, a number of supportive factors: fiscal policy is expected to be far less restrictive than in previous years, and structural deficits will fa ...
... trying to improve their asset positions. This will dampen demand – although to a declining degree – until the end of the forecast period. There are however, a number of supportive factors: fiscal policy is expected to be far less restrictive than in previous years, and structural deficits will fa ...
Using Input Output Models for Policy Making
... Estimate the coefficients, including their confidence intervals Need at least as many observations (firms or industries) as commodities • Published use and make tables have less industries than commodities • Then how construct input-output coefficients? ...
... Estimate the coefficients, including their confidence intervals Need at least as many observations (firms or industries) as commodities • Published use and make tables have less industries than commodities • Then how construct input-output coefficients? ...
FedViews
... The views expressed are those of the author, with input from the forecasting staff of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. They are not intended to represent the views of others within the Bank or within the Federal Reserve System. FedViews generally appears around the middle of the month. The ...
... The views expressed are those of the author, with input from the forecasting staff of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. They are not intended to represent the views of others within the Bank or within the Federal Reserve System. FedViews generally appears around the middle of the month. The ...
Exhibit 9.2
... • The trend toward privatization of state-owned enterprises followed a period in which governments dominated economic life for most of the 20th century • Today many Latin American countries are at roughly the same stage of liberalization that launched the dynamic growth in Asia during the 1980s and ...
... • The trend toward privatization of state-owned enterprises followed a period in which governments dominated economic life for most of the 20th century • Today many Latin American countries are at roughly the same stage of liberalization that launched the dynamic growth in Asia during the 1980s and ...
2015 Quarter 1 TANZANIAN SNAPSHOT
... Tanzania has the capacity to become a major regional food-exporter given its abundance of natural resources and agricultural potential. In turn, the industrial sector is expected to be a key driver behind economic growth in Tanzania, particularly the construction, mining, electricity and manufacturi ...
... Tanzania has the capacity to become a major regional food-exporter given its abundance of natural resources and agricultural potential. In turn, the industrial sector is expected to be a key driver behind economic growth in Tanzania, particularly the construction, mining, electricity and manufacturi ...
Tax Rate Theory
... Supply-Side Economics • Orthodox macro theory consists of demand-oriented theories – they failed to explain stagflation (late 1970s) • Supply-side economists believe the problems were high rates of taxation & heavy regulation: – This had reduced the incentive to work, save and invest. – What was ne ...
... Supply-Side Economics • Orthodox macro theory consists of demand-oriented theories – they failed to explain stagflation (late 1970s) • Supply-side economists believe the problems were high rates of taxation & heavy regulation: – This had reduced the incentive to work, save and invest. – What was ne ...
ECCU_en.pdf
... wholesale and retail trade (6%) and in banks and insurance (3%). The tourism sector, which contributed about 8% to real GDP and is the mainstay of many ECCU economies, saw some improvement during that period thanks to a 5% increase in the higher-end stay-over visitors; cruise passengers were also up ...
... wholesale and retail trade (6%) and in banks and insurance (3%). The tourism sector, which contributed about 8% to real GDP and is the mainstay of many ECCU economies, saw some improvement during that period thanks to a 5% increase in the higher-end stay-over visitors; cruise passengers were also up ...
2015 Quarter 1
... Standard & Poor’s (S&P) affirmed Kenya’s sovereign credit rating at “B+” on 7 November 2014. The outlook on the credit rating remains at stable, with the expectation of improving economic prospects being counter-balanced by concerns about the implementation of devolution, and the effects this could ...
... Standard & Poor’s (S&P) affirmed Kenya’s sovereign credit rating at “B+” on 7 November 2014. The outlook on the credit rating remains at stable, with the expectation of improving economic prospects being counter-balanced by concerns about the implementation of devolution, and the effects this could ...
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
... 1 In the 1980s, there was a movement towards more free market, supply-side-oriented governments in developed countries such as the USA and the UK, which saw a shift of emphasis in government policy. This resulted in a change in direction of thinking on the best way to achieve growth and development ...
... 1 In the 1980s, there was a movement towards more free market, supply-side-oriented governments in developed countries such as the USA and the UK, which saw a shift of emphasis in government policy. This resulted in a change in direction of thinking on the best way to achieve growth and development ...
Lecture 1 - UTA Economics
... Q increases when A, K, or L increases. Describe what will happen to output if: 1. the capital-to-labor ratio rises 2. the quality of the labor force improves 3. technology improves Modern Growth Theory Many innovations developed by individual firms have public good aspects; some benefits spill over ...
... Q increases when A, K, or L increases. Describe what will happen to output if: 1. the capital-to-labor ratio rises 2. the quality of the labor force improves 3. technology improves Modern Growth Theory Many innovations developed by individual firms have public good aspects; some benefits spill over ...
... Growth was strong in 2014 at 3.6%, but fell off to 1.7% in 2015. The slowdown stemmed from a decline in primary and secondary activities, only partly offset by increased value added in the tertiary sector. Services drove such growth as there was, led in particular by wholesale and retail trade, tour ...
Ensuring and sustaining macroeconomic stability
... • Arrears • Expenditure controls • Wagebill • Financial sector • Energy sector • Debt sustainability ...
... • Arrears • Expenditure controls • Wagebill • Financial sector • Energy sector • Debt sustainability ...
DOC - Europa.eu
... in the bond market, while domestic financing conditions have eased somewhat. At the same time, weakening export demand, particularly from the euro area, low confidence, and the private sector debt overhang are providing stronger-than-expected headwinds to economic activity. As during previous review ...
... in the bond market, while domestic financing conditions have eased somewhat. At the same time, weakening export demand, particularly from the euro area, low confidence, and the private sector debt overhang are providing stronger-than-expected headwinds to economic activity. As during previous review ...
Answers to Questions in Chapter 14
... possible costs of economic growth? Yes. But there still remains the question of what level of constraints should be applied. For example, does the government apply rigorous environmental standards or more lax ...
... possible costs of economic growth? Yes. But there still remains the question of what level of constraints should be applied. For example, does the government apply rigorous environmental standards or more lax ...
View Slide Show for Lesson 5-1
... This downturn started because of a bit to much optimism on the part of some high tech firms. Previously these companies had lost business because they did not have the inventory and production capacity to meet demand. Determined not to make the same mistake, they bulked up on capacity and inventory ...
... This downturn started because of a bit to much optimism on the part of some high tech firms. Previously these companies had lost business because they did not have the inventory and production capacity to meet demand. Determined not to make the same mistake, they bulked up on capacity and inventory ...
2015 Quarter 1 RWANDIAN SNAPSHOT
... notch from “B” to “B+” with a stable outlook. The outlook on the rating was previously revised from stable to positive in September last year. According to the agency, Rwanda’s external financing risks are decreasing due to stable donor flows and the government’s ability to access domestic and forei ...
... notch from “B” to “B+” with a stable outlook. The outlook on the rating was previously revised from stable to positive in September last year. According to the agency, Rwanda’s external financing risks are decreasing due to stable donor flows and the government’s ability to access domestic and forei ...
Chinese economic reform
The Chinese economic reform (simplified Chinese: 改革开放; traditional Chinese: 改革開放; pinyin: Gǎigé kāifàng; literally: ""Reform & Opening up"") refers to the program of economic reforms called ""Socialism with Chinese characteristics"" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that was started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Deng Xiaoping.China had one of the world's largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century. In the 18th century, Adam Smith claimed China had long been one of the richest, that is, one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, most prosperous and most urbanized countries in the world. The economy stagnated since the 16th century and even declined in absolute terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century, with a brief recovery in the 1930s.Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages. The first stage, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, involved the decollectivization of agriculture, the opening up of the country to foreign investment, and permission for entrepreneurs to start businesses. However, most industry remained state-owned. The second stage of reform, in the late 1980s and 1990s, involved the privatization and contracting out of much state-owned industry and the lifting of price controls, protectionist policies, and regulations, although state monopolies in sectors such as banking and petroleum remained. The private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth occurred, with the economy increasing by 9.5% a year. The conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005, reversing some reforms.The success of China's economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in immense changes in Chinese society. Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have minimized poverty, while incomes and income inequality have increased, leading to a backlash led by the New Left. In the academic scene, scholars have debated the reason for the success of the Chinese ""dual-track"" economy, and have compared them to attempts to reform socialism in the East Bloc and the Soviet Union, and the growth of other developing economies.