03. Metabolism of lipids
... Fatty Acids • TGs are delivered to adipose tissue in the form of chylomicrones and VLDL, hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase into fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes. • Then fatty acids are reesterified to TGs. • TGs are stored in adipocytes. • To supply energy demands fatty acid ...
... Fatty Acids • TGs are delivered to adipose tissue in the form of chylomicrones and VLDL, hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase into fatty acids and glycerol, which are taken up by adipocytes. • Then fatty acids are reesterified to TGs. • TGs are stored in adipocytes. • To supply energy demands fatty acid ...
electron transport chain
... flavoprotein . This oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerol results in the reduction of FAD to FADH2. Since flavoprotein dehydrogenase is situated on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, it supplies electrons directly to the electron transport chain and results in the reoxidation of FADH2 t ...
... flavoprotein . This oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerol results in the reduction of FAD to FADH2. Since flavoprotein dehydrogenase is situated on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane, it supplies electrons directly to the electron transport chain and results in the reoxidation of FADH2 t ...
Microbiology - Chapter 7 & 8
... Several enzymes systematically oxidize the citric acid into a 5-C acid, then a 4-C acid and eventually back to the original oxaloacetic acid – thus a cycle. Each time the terminal carboxyl group is removed a CO2 molecule is produced. Thus, one glucose, causes the cycle to turn twice, each turn produ ...
... Several enzymes systematically oxidize the citric acid into a 5-C acid, then a 4-C acid and eventually back to the original oxaloacetic acid – thus a cycle. Each time the terminal carboxyl group is removed a CO2 molecule is produced. Thus, one glucose, causes the cycle to turn twice, each turn produ ...
October 24 AP Biology - John D. O`Bryant School of Math & Science
... Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! There’s got to be a better way! ...
... Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4 ATP! There’s got to be a better way! ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
... Q also carries electrons from FADH2, generated in succinate dehydrogenase or (succinate-Q reductase) in the citric acid cycle, to Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase Cytochrome c, a small, soluble protein, shuttles electrons from Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase to cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), which ca ...
... Q also carries electrons from FADH2, generated in succinate dehydrogenase or (succinate-Q reductase) in the citric acid cycle, to Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase Cytochrome c, a small, soluble protein, shuttles electrons from Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase to cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), which ca ...
1 Respiration efficiency Respiration summary
... – 9kcal/g for fatty acids vs. 4kcal/g for glucose – Fatty acids are anhydrous because they are non-polar. One gram of dry glycogen rapidly hydrates with two grams of water, so hydrated energy density of fatty acids is 3*9/4 or more than 6x glycogen's. ...
... – 9kcal/g for fatty acids vs. 4kcal/g for glucose – Fatty acids are anhydrous because they are non-polar. One gram of dry glycogen rapidly hydrates with two grams of water, so hydrated energy density of fatty acids is 3*9/4 or more than 6x glycogen's. ...
Paper - IndiaStudyChannel.com
... (C) malonyl CoA (D) both (A) and (C) 28. In humans, carnitine : (A) stimulates the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase (B) is important for fatty acid oxidation (C) inhibits the formation of triacylglycerol (D) none of these 29. In the major pathway by which liver produces ketone bodies, the immediat ...
... (C) malonyl CoA (D) both (A) and (C) 28. In humans, carnitine : (A) stimulates the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase (B) is important for fatty acid oxidation (C) inhibits the formation of triacylglycerol (D) none of these 29. In the major pathway by which liver produces ketone bodies, the immediat ...
Document
... Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport chain without oxygen, the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down. Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the ele ...
... Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport chain without oxygen, the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down. Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig. 9.14 Fig. 9.15 Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the ele ...
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Part 2
... stomata are open. Prevent CO2 losses • The C3 pathway is used during the day when the stomata are closed and there is a need to reduce water loss. The CO2 for making sugars during the day come from organic molecules made during the previous night, none from atmosphere. ...
... stomata are open. Prevent CO2 losses • The C3 pathway is used during the day when the stomata are closed and there is a need to reduce water loss. The CO2 for making sugars during the day come from organic molecules made during the previous night, none from atmosphere. ...
Energy - Peter Consterdine.com
... and liver (100g), which is first converted into glucose before being broken down to release the energy for ATP resynthesis. It is important to know that during high-intensity exercise, glycogen can be used without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism). However, much more energy can be releas ...
... and liver (100g), which is first converted into glucose before being broken down to release the energy for ATP resynthesis. It is important to know that during high-intensity exercise, glycogen can be used without the presence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism). However, much more energy can be releas ...
... acetyl CoA cannot be used to produce pyruvate which could be used, via gluconeogenesis, to produce glucose. 12. (14 pts) Pick any coordinately regulated step in glucogen or glucose metabolism and briefly describe (use the back of the previous page if you need additional room): i) How it is regulated ...
Lecture 11
... coenzymes which act as hydrogen acceptors until the process of oxidative phosphorylation results in the formation of ATP Ultimately hydrogen combines with O2 to form water and the coenzymes are freed to accept more hydrogen so as to continue the process ...
... coenzymes which act as hydrogen acceptors until the process of oxidative phosphorylation results in the formation of ATP Ultimately hydrogen combines with O2 to form water and the coenzymes are freed to accept more hydrogen so as to continue the process ...
Nucleotides: Synthesis and Degradation
... GTP is involved in AMP synthesis and ATP is involved in GMP synthesis (reciprocal control of production) PRPP is a biosynthetically “central” molecule (why?) – ADP/GDP levels – negative feedback on Ribose Phosphate ...
... GTP is involved in AMP synthesis and ATP is involved in GMP synthesis (reciprocal control of production) PRPP is a biosynthetically “central” molecule (why?) – ADP/GDP levels – negative feedback on Ribose Phosphate ...
AP Biology Chapter Objectives – Campbell 7th Edition Modified from
... 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized ...
... 8. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis. 9. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis. 10. Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis. 11. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized ...
Lactic Acid System - PhysicalEducationatMSC
... When insufficient oxygen is available to breakdown the pyruvate then lactate is produced Lactate enters the surrounding muscle cells, tissue and blood The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate either breakdown the lactate to fuel (ATP) for immediate use or use it in the creation of glycogen ...
... When insufficient oxygen is available to breakdown the pyruvate then lactate is produced Lactate enters the surrounding muscle cells, tissue and blood The muscle cells and tissues receiving the lactate either breakdown the lactate to fuel (ATP) for immediate use or use it in the creation of glycogen ...
link-1 to past exam paper - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... A ____________________________ reaction has a G (the change in freeenergy) that is negative in sign. A reaction of this kind can be used to drive one that is ____________________________ that is coupled to it in a series of reactions. The key molecule most used as the energy currency of biological ...
... A ____________________________ reaction has a G (the change in freeenergy) that is negative in sign. A reaction of this kind can be used to drive one that is ____________________________ that is coupled to it in a series of reactions. The key molecule most used as the energy currency of biological ...
Chapter 19
... - From the 8 electrons and 7 H+: - 6 electrons are transferred to 3 NAD+ along with 3 H+ - 2 electrons are transferred to Q along with 2 H+ - 2 H+ are released per cycle. The two CO2 molecules do NOT come directly from the acetyl group added to CoA ...
... - From the 8 electrons and 7 H+: - 6 electrons are transferred to 3 NAD+ along with 3 H+ - 2 electrons are transferred to Q along with 2 H+ - 2 H+ are released per cycle. The two CO2 molecules do NOT come directly from the acetyl group added to CoA ...
Lesson - ACS Distance Education (UK)
... energy to drive work, such as muscle contraction. Oxidation of glucose is divided into two stages: glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis Glycolysis is anaerobic (doesn’t require oxygen) and is the process by which one molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate, with the ...
... energy to drive work, such as muscle contraction. Oxidation of glucose is divided into two stages: glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Glycolysis Glycolysis is anaerobic (doesn’t require oxygen) and is the process by which one molecule of glucose is converted into 2 molecules of pyruvate, with the ...
Harvesting Electrons from the Citric Acid Cycle
... Harvesting electrons from the citric acid cycle - Enzymes of the cycle are in the mitochondria of eukaryotes - Energy of the oxidation reactions is largely conserved as reducing power (stored electrons) - Coenzymes reduced: NAD+ FAD ...
... Harvesting electrons from the citric acid cycle - Enzymes of the cycle are in the mitochondria of eukaryotes - Energy of the oxidation reactions is largely conserved as reducing power (stored electrons) - Coenzymes reduced: NAD+ FAD ...
Citric acid cycle ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND
... • Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which are chemically altered and then used in the citric acid cycle • Fats are broken up and fed into glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... • Proteins can be digested to amino acids, which are chemically altered and then used in the citric acid cycle • Fats are broken up and fed into glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
biology exam review - hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca
... d) endocytosis e) both active transport and endocytosis 20. When placed in a certain sucrose solution, the volume of a cell decreases; therefore, the sucrose solution is _____ to the cell contents. a) isotonic b) hypertonic c) hypotonic d) cannot determine from given information 21. If there is a hi ...
... d) endocytosis e) both active transport and endocytosis 20. When placed in a certain sucrose solution, the volume of a cell decreases; therefore, the sucrose solution is _____ to the cell contents. a) isotonic b) hypertonic c) hypotonic d) cannot determine from given information 21. If there is a hi ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.