"Central Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism". In: Microbial
... C6 H12 O6 + 2Pi + 2ADP −−−→ 2CH2 CH3 OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2H2 O The EMP pathway is common to a great many microorganisms as well as higher forms. The enzyme fructose bisphosphate (FPB) aldolase is one of the most critical steps in the pathway. In the absence of this enzyme, glucose or other hexose sug ...
... C6 H12 O6 + 2Pi + 2ADP −−−→ 2CH2 CH3 OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2H2 O The EMP pathway is common to a great many microorganisms as well as higher forms. The enzyme fructose bisphosphate (FPB) aldolase is one of the most critical steps in the pathway. In the absence of this enzyme, glucose or other hexose sug ...
A-level Human Biology Question paper Unit 5 - Inheritance
... (ii) Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a metabolic poison. It specifically prevents oxidative phosphorylation at Stage Y in Figure 1. However, it does not prevent the oxidation of reduced NAD and reduced FAD. Palmitic acid was respired aerobically in the presence of DNP. This resulted in a net yield of only 6 ...
... (ii) Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a metabolic poison. It specifically prevents oxidative phosphorylation at Stage Y in Figure 1. However, it does not prevent the oxidation of reduced NAD and reduced FAD. Palmitic acid was respired aerobically in the presence of DNP. This resulted in a net yield of only 6 ...
lactic acid
... The main proteolytic agents in cheese manufacture are - the rennet - the indigenous milk protease (plasmin) and - the proteolytic enzymes of the microflora ...
... The main proteolytic agents in cheese manufacture are - the rennet - the indigenous milk protease (plasmin) and - the proteolytic enzymes of the microflora ...
Bis2A 5.5: Fermentation and regeneration of NAD+
... substrate level phosphorylation and fermentation can produce large quantities of ATP. It is hypothesized that this scenario was the beginning of the evolution of the F0 F1 ATPase, a molecular machine that hydrolyzes ATP and translocates protons across the membrane (we'll see this again in the next s ...
... substrate level phosphorylation and fermentation can produce large quantities of ATP. It is hypothesized that this scenario was the beginning of the evolution of the F0 F1 ATPase, a molecular machine that hydrolyzes ATP and translocates protons across the membrane (we'll see this again in the next s ...
AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS
... A URIDYL-REMOVING ENZYME RESULTS IN ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE CATALYZING ADENYLYLATION OF GLN SYNTHETASE ...
... A URIDYL-REMOVING ENZYME RESULTS IN ADENYLYLTRANSFERASE CATALYZING ADENYLYLATION OF GLN SYNTHETASE ...
Ch16
... 9. This problem integrates the other function of the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC): CAC intermediates are used as the starting molecules for several amino acid biosynthesis and pyrole (heme) biosynthesis. This drains CAC intermediates away which could slow down CAC (CAC can only move if there is sufficie ...
... 9. This problem integrates the other function of the Citric Acid Cycle (CAC): CAC intermediates are used as the starting molecules for several amino acid biosynthesis and pyrole (heme) biosynthesis. This drains CAC intermediates away which could slow down CAC (CAC can only move if there is sufficie ...
5. Respiration Booklet TN
... (tri/3) phosphate(s); IGNORE chemical formulae (as Q asks for name) DO NOT CREDIT phosphorus/phosphoryl (PO) Mark the first answer for each letter. If the answer is correct and an additional answer is given that is incorrect or contradicts the correct answer then = 0 marks. (a) (ii) (1) transfers en ...
... (tri/3) phosphate(s); IGNORE chemical formulae (as Q asks for name) DO NOT CREDIT phosphorus/phosphoryl (PO) Mark the first answer for each letter. If the answer is correct and an additional answer is given that is incorrect or contradicts the correct answer then = 0 marks. (a) (ii) (1) transfers en ...
LECT35 trans1
... Q: So, what’s the big deal? A: There are 20 amino acids; the code is degenerate There could be 4 “isoaccepting tRNAs” competing for one Q: I still don’t see a problem ...
... Q: So, what’s the big deal? A: There are 20 amino acids; the code is degenerate There could be 4 “isoaccepting tRNAs” competing for one Q: I still don’t see a problem ...
Carbohydrate Metabolism
... glycolysis. It is called also EM pathway "Embden Meyerhof pathway". It occurs virtually in all tissues. Erythrocytes and nervous tissues drive its energy mainly from glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of all cells of the body. There are two phases of glycolysis: ...
... glycolysis. It is called also EM pathway "Embden Meyerhof pathway". It occurs virtually in all tissues. Erythrocytes and nervous tissues drive its energy mainly from glycolysis. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of all cells of the body. There are two phases of glycolysis: ...
Molecular Physiological Analysis of the Two Plastidic ATP/ADP
... For reliable northern-blot analysis of isoformspecific mRNA accumulation it is required to use gene-specific probes. We generated probes specific for either AtNTT1- or AtNTT2 mRNA by using corresponding 3#-untranslated cDNA fragments (Fig. 1A). Although there is some minor cross hybridization, the p ...
... For reliable northern-blot analysis of isoformspecific mRNA accumulation it is required to use gene-specific probes. We generated probes specific for either AtNTT1- or AtNTT2 mRNA by using corresponding 3#-untranslated cDNA fragments (Fig. 1A). Although there is some minor cross hybridization, the p ...
slides
... 3. The Q10 - The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10 oC (18 oF) - Respiration can be reduced by lowering O2 and increasing CO2 ...
... 3. The Q10 - The rate of respiration doubles when temperature rises 10 oC (18 oF) - Respiration can be reduced by lowering O2 and increasing CO2 ...
Gluconeogenesis: Objectives
... i. Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver (90%) and also in the kidneys c. What parts of the cell participate in gluconeogenesis? i. In the mitochondria and the cytoplasm d. Name the most common precursors for gluconeogenesis. i. Lactate from exercising muscle and red blood cells ii. The breakdo ...
... i. Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the liver (90%) and also in the kidneys c. What parts of the cell participate in gluconeogenesis? i. In the mitochondria and the cytoplasm d. Name the most common precursors for gluconeogenesis. i. Lactate from exercising muscle and red blood cells ii. The breakdo ...
Protein mteabolism
... I- Removal of α-amino group: The removal of amino group takes place in two steps which are Transamination (that produce glutamate) followed by oxidative deamination of the produced glutamate to give ammonia. Transamination: is the transfer of α-amino group from α-amino acid to α-keto acid to yield ...
... I- Removal of α-amino group: The removal of amino group takes place in two steps which are Transamination (that produce glutamate) followed by oxidative deamination of the produced glutamate to give ammonia. Transamination: is the transfer of α-amino group from α-amino acid to α-keto acid to yield ...
Paper - Revision Science
... In addition to activity measurements of individual enzymes, analysis of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production rates are performed. This includes the measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of different substrates, such as pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate. Analysis may s ...
... In addition to activity measurements of individual enzymes, analysis of mitochondrial respiration and ATP production rates are performed. This includes the measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption in the presence of different substrates, such as pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate. Analysis may s ...
Document
... factors interact with the enzyme’s hydrogen and ionic bonds, not the covalent bonds ...
... factors interact with the enzyme’s hydrogen and ionic bonds, not the covalent bonds ...
The citric acid cycle is the
... transformation of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate. Thus, for every succinate that enters the reversed cycle, two succinates are returned, making the cycle highly autocatalytic. • Because TCA cycle intermediates are involved in many biosynthetic pathways, a reversed TCA cycle would be a bountifuland broad ...
... transformation of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate. Thus, for every succinate that enters the reversed cycle, two succinates are returned, making the cycle highly autocatalytic. • Because TCA cycle intermediates are involved in many biosynthetic pathways, a reversed TCA cycle would be a bountifuland broad ...
Glycolysis - Oregon State University
... Unless F2,6BP's blocking path-a-ways When cellsper have lots ofisATP and NADH too Six ATPs glucose the needed energy* They strive to store this energy as sugar yes they do liver’s specialty Oh Gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis aispathway to revere Inside of mitochondria they start with pyruvate That m ...
... Unless F2,6BP's blocking path-a-ways When cellsper have lots ofisATP and NADH too Six ATPs glucose the needed energy* They strive to store this energy as sugar yes they do liver’s specialty Oh Gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis aispathway to revere Inside of mitochondria they start with pyruvate That m ...
4-Coumarate:Coenzyme A Ligase Has the Catalytic Capacity to
... ferulate, a very low but detectable amount of p4A was synthesized, accumulating at a 25-fold lower rate than in the presence of ferulate (Fig. 1; Table II). The rates of p4A and p5A synthesis were constant over a time period of at least 40 min when accumulation of radiolabeled products originating f ...
... ferulate, a very low but detectable amount of p4A was synthesized, accumulating at a 25-fold lower rate than in the presence of ferulate (Fig. 1; Table II). The rates of p4A and p5A synthesis were constant over a time period of at least 40 min when accumulation of radiolabeled products originating f ...
Citric Acid Cycle - University of California, Berkeley
... Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase enzyme oxidizes dihydrolipoyllysine by transferring the energy rich electrons to an electron carrier, NAD+, via a tightly bound intermediary electron carrier, FAD. Dihydroxylipoyllysine + NAD+ Lipoyllysine + NADH FAD. The flavin group is the business end of FAD; it is n ...
... Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase enzyme oxidizes dihydrolipoyllysine by transferring the energy rich electrons to an electron carrier, NAD+, via a tightly bound intermediary electron carrier, FAD. Dihydroxylipoyllysine + NAD+ Lipoyllysine + NADH FAD. The flavin group is the business end of FAD; it is n ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.