aquatic animal nutrition - Department of Animal Production
... pancreatic secretions include bicarbonates which buffer acidity of the chyme zymogens for proteins, COH, lipids, chitin and nucleotides are secreted ...
... pancreatic secretions include bicarbonates which buffer acidity of the chyme zymogens for proteins, COH, lipids, chitin and nucleotides are secreted ...
Comparative analysis of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP synthesis
... Restitution of Gluc in the perfusion buffer readily returned [ATP]c to a level nearly matching the pre-deprivation baseline (Figure 2A, green trace). The increase in the AT1.03 ratio constituted 34.2 ± 1.9% (P < 0.01; n = 9), reaching ∼90% of the value by which AT1.03 ratio decreases in glucose-free ...
... Restitution of Gluc in the perfusion buffer readily returned [ATP]c to a level nearly matching the pre-deprivation baseline (Figure 2A, green trace). The increase in the AT1.03 ratio constituted 34.2 ± 1.9% (P < 0.01; n = 9), reaching ∼90% of the value by which AT1.03 ratio decreases in glucose-free ...
The Citric acid cycle
... “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - acts both catabolically and anabolically ...
... “hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the generation of these compounds and others as well. Amphibolic - acts both catabolically and anabolically ...
anabolic and catabolic reactions. Energetics of bacterial growth
... from glucose fermentation than did Lactobacillus mesenteroides (25), and subsequent work showed that these two bacteria used different pathways of fermentation and produced different amounts of ATP/glucose (43). By the late 1950s, bacteriologists had generally accepted the idea that cell yield was r ...
... from glucose fermentation than did Lactobacillus mesenteroides (25), and subsequent work showed that these two bacteria used different pathways of fermentation and produced different amounts of ATP/glucose (43). By the late 1950s, bacteriologists had generally accepted the idea that cell yield was r ...
An Introduction to Metabolism
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
... resources of the cell. Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic ...
Cell - Notes Milenge
... localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane seemed to fly in the face of this organelle’s purported responsiveness to changes in intracellular Ca2+ flux.[24] But the presence of the MAM resolves this apparent contradiction: the close physical association between the two organelles results in Ca2+ ...
... localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane seemed to fly in the face of this organelle’s purported responsiveness to changes in intracellular Ca2+ flux.[24] But the presence of the MAM resolves this apparent contradiction: the close physical association between the two organelles results in Ca2+ ...
Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Bodies OXIDATION OF FATTY
... It is subsequently removed from the peroxisomes in the form of octanoyl and acetylcarnitine, and both are further oxidized in mitochondria. - and -oxidation of fatty acids are specialized pathways -oxidation i.e., removal of one carbon at a time from the carboxyl end of the molecule has been detecte ...
... It is subsequently removed from the peroxisomes in the form of octanoyl and acetylcarnitine, and both are further oxidized in mitochondria. - and -oxidation of fatty acids are specialized pathways -oxidation i.e., removal of one carbon at a time from the carboxyl end of the molecule has been detecte ...
Transition State of a Creatine Molecule during Dehydration
... adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ATP ADP). Creatine helps replenish energy by donating its phosphate back to ADP so the process can repeat. ...
... adenosine triphosphate to adenosine diphosphate (ATP ADP). Creatine helps replenish energy by donating its phosphate back to ADP so the process can repeat. ...
Micro Chapter 5 ppt. 11th edition
... A Summary of Respiration Aerobic respiration: the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2) Anaerobic respiration: the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is NOT O2 Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the ...
... A Summary of Respiration Aerobic respiration: the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O2) Anaerobic respiration: the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is NOT O2 Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the ...
Enzymes - WordPress.com
... also are metal ions. Enzymes that require a metal ion cofactor are termed metalactivated enzymes to distinguish them from the metalloenzymes for which metal ions serve as prosthetic groups. Coenzymes serve as a group transfer agents that transport many substrates from their point of generation to th ...
... also are metal ions. Enzymes that require a metal ion cofactor are termed metalactivated enzymes to distinguish them from the metalloenzymes for which metal ions serve as prosthetic groups. Coenzymes serve as a group transfer agents that transport many substrates from their point of generation to th ...
Finals Practice Exam answers
... Spring 2004 BCHS 3304 Final Exam Review1). The TR transition of hemoglobin upon binding of oxygen to the heme has been thoroughly investigated. On a thermodynamic level, this TR transition can be described as (primarily) an enthalpically driven process. Which of the following phenomena in the TR ...
... Spring 2004 BCHS 3304 Final Exam Review1). The TR transition of hemoglobin upon binding of oxygen to the heme has been thoroughly investigated. On a thermodynamic level, this TR transition can be described as (primarily) an enthalpically driven process. Which of the following phenomena in the TR ...
An ATPase domain common to prokaryotic cell cycle proteins, sugar
... capacity for interdomain hinge motion accompanying functional state changes. A common evolutionary origin for all of the proteins in this class is proposed. In spite of their different biological functions, actin, Hsc7O, and hexokinase contain similar three-dimensional structures (Fig. 1) (1-4). No ...
... capacity for interdomain hinge motion accompanying functional state changes. A common evolutionary origin for all of the proteins in this class is proposed. In spite of their different biological functions, actin, Hsc7O, and hexokinase contain similar three-dimensional structures (Fig. 1) (1-4). No ...
Lab 5 Sugar Fermentation in Yeast
... net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH + H+. In the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration), pyruvate enters the mitochondria and another series of enzyme-mediated reactions called the Kreb’s cycle. The Kreb’s cycle converts pyruvate molecules into carbon dioxide and water. This is accomplished by a series o ...
... net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH + H+. In the presence of oxygen (aerobic respiration), pyruvate enters the mitochondria and another series of enzyme-mediated reactions called the Kreb’s cycle. The Kreb’s cycle converts pyruvate molecules into carbon dioxide and water. This is accomplished by a series o ...
Amino Acids - faculty at Chemeketa
... Transport of Fatty Acyl CoA Fatty acyl-CoA forms fatty acyl-carnitine that transports the fatty acyl group into the matrix. The fatty acyl group recombines with CoA for oxidation. ...
... Transport of Fatty Acyl CoA Fatty acyl-CoA forms fatty acyl-carnitine that transports the fatty acyl group into the matrix. The fatty acyl group recombines with CoA for oxidation. ...
Impaired ATP Synthase Assembly Associated with
... FIG. 4. Comparison of the levels of newly synthesized and steady-state complex V holoenzyme and sub-complexes indicated a decreased rate of enzyme assembly in lung carcinoma NARP cybrids compared with controls. 35S-Labeled protein after a 1-h pulse and a chase of 1 h (panels 1, 2, and 3) or 3 h (pan ...
... FIG. 4. Comparison of the levels of newly synthesized and steady-state complex V holoenzyme and sub-complexes indicated a decreased rate of enzyme assembly in lung carcinoma NARP cybrids compared with controls. 35S-Labeled protein after a 1-h pulse and a chase of 1 h (panels 1, 2, and 3) or 3 h (pan ...
6-Catabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides
... (B) ADP (C) GTP, Mg++ (D) GDP 5. Conversion of inosine monophosphate to xanthine monophosphate is catalysed by (A) IMP dehydrogenase (B) Formyl transferase (C) Xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (D) Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase 6. Phosphorylation of adenosine to AMP is catalysed by (A ...
... (B) ADP (C) GTP, Mg++ (D) GDP 5. Conversion of inosine monophosphate to xanthine monophosphate is catalysed by (A) IMP dehydrogenase (B) Formyl transferase (C) Xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (D) Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase 6. Phosphorylation of adenosine to AMP is catalysed by (A ...
Human Physiology - Maryville University
... Anabolism makes larger molecules & requires energy Source of body’s large energy-storage compounds ...
... Anabolism makes larger molecules & requires energy Source of body’s large energy-storage compounds ...
Scheme of Metabolism
... power ATP substrate-level phosphorylation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... power ATP substrate-level phosphorylation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
active site
... There has to be a system for shutting down a metabolic pathway or the cell would not only be inefficient there would be chemical chaos. The pathways must be tightly controlled so only substances that are needed and the right amounts are produced. This is accomplished by two ways: gene regulation and ...
... There has to be a system for shutting down a metabolic pathway or the cell would not only be inefficient there would be chemical chaos. The pathways must be tightly controlled so only substances that are needed and the right amounts are produced. This is accomplished by two ways: gene regulation and ...
Cell Energy: Fermentation
... • Discuss the fundamental dierence between anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation • Describe the type of fermentation that readily occurs in animal cells and the conditions that initiate that fermentation ...
... • Discuss the fundamental dierence between anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation • Describe the type of fermentation that readily occurs in animal cells and the conditions that initiate that fermentation ...
respiration in plants
... In plants the problem of definition is slightly different because 1. Breathing movements are not performed. The gaseous exchange is often marked by photosynthesis in the day time. Oxygen need not be utilised. 2. CO2 may not be released in some cases. For these reasons plant physiologists use the t ...
... In plants the problem of definition is slightly different because 1. Breathing movements are not performed. The gaseous exchange is often marked by photosynthesis in the day time. Oxygen need not be utilised. 2. CO2 may not be released in some cases. For these reasons plant physiologists use the t ...
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.