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File - Mr. Shanks` Class
File - Mr. Shanks` Class

... 1. How many net ATP are produced by Glycolysis alone per glucose? a) 2 b) 4 c) 12 d) 8 2. Which one of the following is the 2nd molecule in the Glycolysis pathway? a) Glucose – 6 – phosphate b) Fructose – 6 phosphate c) Fructose - 1 ,6 biphosphate d) Glucose 3. Which one of the following is a reduce ...
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... Synthesis of ATP Anaerobic conditions (fermentation) ! Glycolysis depends on a supply of substrates: glucose, ATP, ADP, Pi, NAD+ ! NAD+, FAD present in only small amounts in cell, and NAD+ and FAD are used up in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. ! Therefore, NAD+ must be regenerated from NADH t ...
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... If all the energy in glucose were released at once, it would be wasted. Most of the energy would be lost all at once as heat, burning up the cell. ...
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... Concept 9.2: Glycolysis Harvests Chemical Energy By Oxidizing Glucose To Pyruvate Concept 9.3: The Citric Acid Cycle Concept 9.4: During Oxidative Phosphorylation, Chemiososmosis Couples Electron Transport to ATP Synthesis o The Pathway of Electron Transport o Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling Mecha ...
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... c) In step 7 (see attached diaragm) of glycolysis 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) is converted into 3Phosphoglycerate (3PG). Which of these molecules, BPG or 3PG would you expect is at a higher energy level? Explain your answer. BPG is at a higher energy level than 3PG. You can infer this because BPG ...
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Adenosine triphosphate



Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the ""molecular unit of currency"" of intracellular energy transfer.ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. It is one of the end products of photophosphorylation, cellular respiration, and fermentation and used by enzymes and structural proteins in many cellular processes, including biosynthetic reactions, motility, and cell division. One molecule of ATP contains three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and various phosphate group donors. Substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration, and photophosphorylation in photosynthesis are three major mechanisms of ATP biosynthesis.Metabolic processes that use ATP as an energy source convert it back into its precursors. ATP is therefore continuously recycled in organisms: the human body, which on average contains only 250 grams (8.8 oz) of ATP, turns over its own body weight equivalent in ATP each day.ATP is used as a substrate in signal transduction pathways by kinases that phosphorylate proteins and lipids. It is also used by adenylate cyclase, which uses ATP to produce the second messenger molecule cyclic AMP. The ratio between ATP and AMP is used as a way for a cell to sense how much energy is available and control the metabolic pathways that produce and consume ATP. Apart from its roles in signaling and energy metabolism, ATP is also incorporated into nucleic acids by polymerases in the process of transcription. ATP is the neurotransmitter believed to signal the sense of taste.The structure of this molecule consists of a purine base (adenine) attached by the 9' nitrogen atom to the 1' carbon atom of a pentose sugar (ribose). Three phosphate groups are attached at the 5' carbon atom of the pentose sugar. It is the addition and removal of these phosphate groups that inter-convert ATP, ADP and AMP. When ATP is used in DNA synthesis, the ribose sugar is first converted to deoxyribose by ribonucleotide reductase.ATP was discovered in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and independently by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of Harvard Medical School, but its correct structure was not determined until some years later. It was proposed to be the intermediary molecule between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions in cells by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. It was first artificially synthesized by Alexander Todd in 1948.
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