Tumor Hybrid Cells: An Immunotherapeutic Agent 1,2
... IT IS RECOGNIZED that the tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TAT A) of many animal and human neoplasms may evoke specific host immune responses (1, 2). The response may be cellular [immune lymphocytes (3, 4) or activated macrophages (5)J or humoral [specific antibody (6-8)]. If the host moun ...
... IT IS RECOGNIZED that the tumor-associated transplantation antigens (TAT A) of many animal and human neoplasms may evoke specific host immune responses (1, 2). The response may be cellular [immune lymphocytes (3, 4) or activated macrophages (5)J or humoral [specific antibody (6-8)]. If the host moun ...
June 2015 Question Paper 21
... When a leaf is first formed it is described as a sink for carbohydrate. As the leaf continues to grow, it starts to photosynthesise and becomes a source of carbohydrates and other assimilates. Fig. 3.1 shows the changes that occur to the structure of plasmodesmata in the leaf as it grows. ...
... When a leaf is first formed it is described as a sink for carbohydrate. As the leaf continues to grow, it starts to photosynthesise and becomes a source of carbohydrates and other assimilates. Fig. 3.1 shows the changes that occur to the structure of plasmodesmata in the leaf as it grows. ...
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase in T cell activation and survival
... CD4+ T cells. The T cells that survive selection in the thymus migrate to the lymph nodes and the spleen, where they interact with specialized APCs (antigen-presenting cells) known as dendritic cells [2]. Upon infection, these APCs ingest and kill the pathogenic organism, digest its proteins into sm ...
... CD4+ T cells. The T cells that survive selection in the thymus migrate to the lymph nodes and the spleen, where they interact with specialized APCs (antigen-presenting cells) known as dendritic cells [2]. Upon infection, these APCs ingest and kill the pathogenic organism, digest its proteins into sm ...
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Regulate Th Cell Responses through
... developmental stimuli and the duration of stimulation We first analyzed PDC functions in polarizing Th cells when PDCs were stimulated with IL-3 or Sendai virus for 1 or 3 days. The costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86), which are the hallmarks of DC differentiation, were up-regulated modes ...
... developmental stimuli and the duration of stimulation We first analyzed PDC functions in polarizing Th cells when PDCs were stimulated with IL-3 or Sendai virus for 1 or 3 days. The costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86), which are the hallmarks of DC differentiation, were up-regulated modes ...
Conjunctival-associated lymphoid tissue: evidence for a role
... RPMI-1640 medium, and 25 n\ RPMI-1640 medium containing cells. All cultures contained 2-mercaptoethanol at a final concentration of 5 X 10~5 M. The mitogen solutions were added to the wells at three times the final concentration. Dose response curves were obtained for each mitogen, and the optimal d ...
... RPMI-1640 medium, and 25 n\ RPMI-1640 medium containing cells. All cultures contained 2-mercaptoethanol at a final concentration of 5 X 10~5 M. The mitogen solutions were added to the wells at three times the final concentration. Dose response curves were obtained for each mitogen, and the optimal d ...
Training Handout - Science Olympiad
... • Blood flows through the capillaries more slowly than in any other part of the vascular system because of the huge cross-sectional area of the capillaries. • Capillary blood flow is determined by the resistance of the arterioles supplying the capillaries and by the number of open precapillary sphin ...
... • Blood flows through the capillaries more slowly than in any other part of the vascular system because of the huge cross-sectional area of the capillaries. • Capillary blood flow is determined by the resistance of the arterioles supplying the capillaries and by the number of open precapillary sphin ...
complement - Micro-Rao
... Complement system is composed of more than 25 different proteins produced by hepatocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. Fibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells make C1, while the liver makes C3, C6, and C9. They are present in the circulation as inactive molecules. Though some com ...
... Complement system is composed of more than 25 different proteins produced by hepatocytes, macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells. Fibroblasts and intestinal epithelial cells make C1, while the liver makes C3, C6, and C9. They are present in the circulation as inactive molecules. Though some com ...
Testicular defense systems: immune privilege and innate
... outside the BTB, including spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes, also benefit from immune privilege.10,21 These observations suggest that other mechanisms are involved in the maintenance of testicular immune privilege. Multiple mechanisms and factors, including the physical structure, the lo ...
... outside the BTB, including spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes, also benefit from immune privilege.10,21 These observations suggest that other mechanisms are involved in the maintenance of testicular immune privilege. Multiple mechanisms and factors, including the physical structure, the lo ...
Immunopathophysiology of Large Vessel Involvement in Giant Cell
... and are characterized by the membrane expression of germ-line receptors (pattern recognition receptors, PRRs). These receptors are able to recognize specific molecular patterns of exoge‐ nous and/or endogenous foreign proteins, known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage assoc ...
... and are characterized by the membrane expression of germ-line receptors (pattern recognition receptors, PRRs). These receptors are able to recognize specific molecular patterns of exoge‐ nous and/or endogenous foreign proteins, known as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage assoc ...
non-specific stressors in innate immunity
... between pathogens and host cells, the only cost of using specific effectors in defence is their cost of manufacture. Examples include neutralizing antibodies, lysozyme (which targets bacterial cell wall synthesis) and antimicrobial peptides. By contrast, non-specific stressors such as heat, nutrient ...
... between pathogens and host cells, the only cost of using specific effectors in defence is their cost of manufacture. Examples include neutralizing antibodies, lysozyme (which targets bacterial cell wall synthesis) and antimicrobial peptides. By contrast, non-specific stressors such as heat, nutrient ...
B7-1, B7-2 and class II MHC molecules in idiopathic pulmonary
... epithelial cells, as well as alveolar macrophages in lung tissues from patients with IPF (fig. 1A and B). In normal lung parenchyma, positive signals were found in macrophages but not in epithelial cells (fig. 1C). As shown in figure 2, the degree of B7-1 expression in bronchiolar and alveolar epith ...
... epithelial cells, as well as alveolar macrophages in lung tissues from patients with IPF (fig. 1A and B). In normal lung parenchyma, positive signals were found in macrophages but not in epithelial cells (fig. 1C). As shown in figure 2, the degree of B7-1 expression in bronchiolar and alveolar epith ...
271 Advances in Environmental Biology, 4(2): 271-276, 2010 ISSN 1995-0756
... granules in their cytoplasm, hyalinocytes-like cells (HLC) and granulocytes-like cells (GLC). HCL were the first type of hemocytes identify in H. aspersa (Fig. 1B) these cells comprised 57.6 ±2.6% of the total hemocytes population. They varied in size within a range of 6–10µm, with an average diamet ...
... granules in their cytoplasm, hyalinocytes-like cells (HLC) and granulocytes-like cells (GLC). HCL were the first type of hemocytes identify in H. aspersa (Fig. 1B) these cells comprised 57.6 ±2.6% of the total hemocytes population. They varied in size within a range of 6–10µm, with an average diamet ...
Autoimmunity and Apoptosis – Therapeutic Implications Iran Rashedi , Soumya Panigrahi
... against “foreign” or “non-self” invaders. This efficient protection against pathogens, however, has been achieved at the expense of a higher risk for “self”-directed reaction or autoimmunity. Establishment of self-tolerance and homeostasis in the immune system is regulated at different physiological ...
... against “foreign” or “non-self” invaders. This efficient protection against pathogens, however, has been achieved at the expense of a higher risk for “self”-directed reaction or autoimmunity. Establishment of self-tolerance and homeostasis in the immune system is regulated at different physiological ...
Monoclonal Antibodies
... Medicine. Available at: www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ Accessed: July 2014 7. Nobelprize.org (2014). All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry. Available at: www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/ Accessed: July 2014 ...
... Medicine. Available at: www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ Accessed: July 2014 7. Nobelprize.org (2014). All Nobel Laureates in Chemistry. Available at: www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/ Accessed: July 2014 ...
Chapter 13: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
... Ans: Nonspecific defenses protect the body against all types of pathogens and include barriers to entry, the inflammatory reaction, and protective proteins. Specific defenses protect the body against specific pathogens and include the activities of the lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce antibodies a ...
... Ans: Nonspecific defenses protect the body against all types of pathogens and include barriers to entry, the inflammatory reaction, and protective proteins. Specific defenses protect the body against specific pathogens and include the activities of the lymphocytes. B lymphocytes produce antibodies a ...
The role of autoantibodies in health and disease
... seems to modulate the severity or even prevent the onset of autoimmune disease [31, 34]. Knowledge on protective autoantibodies allows their use for therapeutic purposes. The protective autoantibodies may be utilized for the treatment of autoimmune diseases: e.g., IgM anti-ds DNA might serve as usef ...
... seems to modulate the severity or even prevent the onset of autoimmune disease [31, 34]. Knowledge on protective autoantibodies allows their use for therapeutic purposes. The protective autoantibodies may be utilized for the treatment of autoimmune diseases: e.g., IgM anti-ds DNA might serve as usef ...
Inflammation 5
... Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells • Lymphocytes and macrophages interact in a bidirectional way, and these interactions play an important role in chronic inflammation • Activated T lymphocytes produce cytokines, including IFN-γ, a powerful activator of macrophages, ...
... Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells • Lymphocytes and macrophages interact in a bidirectional way, and these interactions play an important role in chronic inflammation • Activated T lymphocytes produce cytokines, including IFN-γ, a powerful activator of macrophages, ...
Presentation - Babraham Institute
... If the B cell ‘ninja’ recognises these parts (or antigens) on the dendritic cell it responds by making antibodies which are specific for the microbe. Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack © Babraham Institute 2015 ...
... If the B cell ‘ninja’ recognises these parts (or antigens) on the dendritic cell it responds by making antibodies which are specific for the microbe. Weapons of Microscopic Destruction – How Your Immune System Keeps You Safe from Attack © Babraham Institute 2015 ...
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
... a normochromic, normocytic anemia is frequently found in SLE. They appears to be related to chronic inflammation, drug-related haemorrhage. haemolytic anemia due to presence of a serum ...
... a normochromic, normocytic anemia is frequently found in SLE. They appears to be related to chronic inflammation, drug-related haemorrhage. haemolytic anemia due to presence of a serum ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.