Intestinal Microflora and Homeostasis of the Mucosal
... against external antigens, pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Host defense against the autochthonous microflora is still poorly understood. It has been reported that indigenous bacteria can be recognized by the host immune system and elicit local and systemic antibody responses (Kimura et al., 1997; Ap ...
... against external antigens, pathogenic bacteria or viruses. Host defense against the autochthonous microflora is still poorly understood. It has been reported that indigenous bacteria can be recognized by the host immune system and elicit local and systemic antibody responses (Kimura et al., 1997; Ap ...
Evolutionary insights into the origin of innate and adaptive immune
... the jawed vertebrates, these evolutionally more ancient jawless animals had no conventional adaptive immune system to counteract against invading microbes. However, it was subsequently observed that hagfish and lampreys could mount an antibody-like high molecular weight agglutinin that is distinct f ...
... the jawed vertebrates, these evolutionally more ancient jawless animals had no conventional adaptive immune system to counteract against invading microbes. However, it was subsequently observed that hagfish and lampreys could mount an antibody-like high molecular weight agglutinin that is distinct f ...
Intestinal Epithelial Cell Regulation of Adaptive Immune Dysfunction
... Fresh duodenal tissue was obtained from the nPOD (Gainesville, FL, USA). All experiments were performed according to the guidelines of the University of Florida Institutional Review Board, with written informed consent from all subjects. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with ...
... Fresh duodenal tissue was obtained from the nPOD (Gainesville, FL, USA). All experiments were performed according to the guidelines of the University of Florida Institutional Review Board, with written informed consent from all subjects. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with ...
Sensing of pathogen-induced F-actin
... In eukaryotic cells the actin cytoskeleton responds to external cues by a dramatic rearrangement that, for example, is observed in migrating cells. Actin filaments are composed of monomeric actin molecules that associate via non-covalent interactions. Actin polymerization is a steady state process m ...
... In eukaryotic cells the actin cytoskeleton responds to external cues by a dramatic rearrangement that, for example, is observed in migrating cells. Actin filaments are composed of monomeric actin molecules that associate via non-covalent interactions. Actin polymerization is a steady state process m ...
Prezentacja programu PowerPoint
... to infection) and breakdown of tolerance (manifested by autoimmunity) can be seen, sometimes in the same patient. Patients with inherited or acquired immunodeficiency are themselves at high risk of developing certain lymphoid neoplasms, particularly those caused by oncogenic viruses (e.g., EBV). ...
... to infection) and breakdown of tolerance (manifested by autoimmunity) can be seen, sometimes in the same patient. Patients with inherited or acquired immunodeficiency are themselves at high risk of developing certain lymphoid neoplasms, particularly those caused by oncogenic viruses (e.g., EBV). ...
The immune system as the sixth sense
... evidence for the mind/immune system concept is found in the numerous effects of stress on immune function [for a review, see 55] and the observation that behavioural characteristics can predict susceptibility to autoimmunity in an animal model of multiple sclerosis [56]. Collectively, findings such ...
... evidence for the mind/immune system concept is found in the numerous effects of stress on immune function [for a review, see 55] and the observation that behavioural characteristics can predict susceptibility to autoimmunity in an animal model of multiple sclerosis [56]. Collectively, findings such ...
Biol 155 Human Physiology - Department of Zoology, UBC
... Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly ...
... Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly ...
Deciphering the tête-à-tête between the microbiota and the
... The Journal of Clinical Investigation fewer lymphocytes overall, but their effector T cells are skewed toward a Th2 phenotype. Remarkably, within 2–3 weeks after a GF animal is given back its normal flora, these defects are largely corrected (24). The microbiota is needed not only for the ontogen ...
... The Journal of Clinical Investigation fewer lymphocytes overall, but their effector T cells are skewed toward a Th2 phenotype. Remarkably, within 2–3 weeks after a GF animal is given back its normal flora, these defects are largely corrected (24). The microbiota is needed not only for the ontogen ...
Stimulation of Cytokine Expression by Peripheral Blood
... 14 and 56 days of age and from their dams when the foals were ⬃21 days old. The PBMCs were divided into six aliquots such that one aliquot of 1 ⫻ 106 was incubated with each of the four CpG-ODNs (50 g/ ml) for 24 h and one aliquot of 1 ⫻ 106 was incubated for 23 h in media only, followed by 1 h of ...
... 14 and 56 days of age and from their dams when the foals were ⬃21 days old. The PBMCs were divided into six aliquots such that one aliquot of 1 ⫻ 106 was incubated with each of the four CpG-ODNs (50 g/ ml) for 24 h and one aliquot of 1 ⫻ 106 was incubated for 23 h in media only, followed by 1 h of ...
Full Text
... the mechanisms allowing presentation of these antigens to T cells. Presentation of self glycosphingolipids appears to be quite different from presentation of mycobacterial glycolipids. Glycosphingolipids are presented to T cells without being internalized by the antigen-presenting cell (APC) and bin ...
... the mechanisms allowing presentation of these antigens to T cells. Presentation of self glycosphingolipids appears to be quite different from presentation of mycobacterial glycolipids. Glycosphingolipids are presented to T cells without being internalized by the antigen-presenting cell (APC) and bin ...
History of Discovery - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular
... signaling to trigger innate immunity.12 How TLRs can accommodate a range of ligands, from nucleic acids to proteins and lipids, has long been a mystery. Indeed, TLRs all share the same domain organization, with an ectodomain composed of leucine-rich repeats and a 150amino-acid intracytoplasmic domai ...
... signaling to trigger innate immunity.12 How TLRs can accommodate a range of ligands, from nucleic acids to proteins and lipids, has long been a mystery. Indeed, TLRs all share the same domain organization, with an ectodomain composed of leucine-rich repeats and a 150amino-acid intracytoplasmic domai ...
Cellular characterization of the gouty tophus: A quantitative analysis
... However, it is well recognized that IL-1 is an important macrophage-derived cytokine that contributes to the formation of granulomas in other diseases, such as tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and parasitic infections (15–17), and it is likely that this cytokine plays a role in the formation of ...
... However, it is well recognized that IL-1 is an important macrophage-derived cytokine that contributes to the formation of granulomas in other diseases, such as tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and parasitic infections (15–17), and it is likely that this cytokine plays a role in the formation of ...
Part Ⅲ Mechanism of Immunologic Tolerance
... General features of Immunologic tolerance • Tolerance is antigenic specific and results from the recognition of antigens by specific lymphocytes. • Normal individuals are tolerant of their own antigens(self antigen)----- Self-tolerance. • Foreign antigens may be administered in ways that preferenti ...
... General features of Immunologic tolerance • Tolerance is antigenic specific and results from the recognition of antigens by specific lymphocytes. • Normal individuals are tolerant of their own antigens(self antigen)----- Self-tolerance. • Foreign antigens may be administered in ways that preferenti ...
Neural progenitor cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells
... of Zg16 and Hormad1 genes was not increased in regressing skin and teratoma tissues. However, in this study the differentiation process was performed in vivo, which varies from the course of differentiation in vitro. Thus, the model used in this study does not exactly represent the approach to clini ...
... of Zg16 and Hormad1 genes was not increased in regressing skin and teratoma tissues. However, in this study the differentiation process was performed in vivo, which varies from the course of differentiation in vitro. Thus, the model used in this study does not exactly represent the approach to clini ...
Acute Kidney Injury and Systemic Inflammatory Response * an
... Introduction: Patients with AKI have markedly worse outcomes than otherwise matched controls. There is increasing evidence from animal models that leukocytes play a central role in the pathophysiology of AKI resulting in an inflammatory response (1, 2). We conducted a pilot study aiming to describe ...
... Introduction: Patients with AKI have markedly worse outcomes than otherwise matched controls. There is increasing evidence from animal models that leukocytes play a central role in the pathophysiology of AKI resulting in an inflammatory response (1, 2). We conducted a pilot study aiming to describe ...
Understanding the Immune System in Myeloma
... Normal B Cells Plasma Cells Macrophages Dendritic Cells ...
... Normal B Cells Plasma Cells Macrophages Dendritic Cells ...
Chapter 43
... humoral immune response and the cellmediated immune response • Humoral immune response involves activation and clonal selection of B cells, resulting in production of secreted antibodies • Cell-mediated immune response involves activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells • Helper T cells ai ...
... humoral immune response and the cellmediated immune response • Humoral immune response involves activation and clonal selection of B cells, resulting in production of secreted antibodies • Cell-mediated immune response involves activation and clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells • Helper T cells ai ...
Peer-reviewed Article PDF - e
... Immunity is typically taken to be the defense that one organism projects against injury from another biological organism, such as infection or parasitization. However, the mechanisms of immunity against biological organisms are fundamentally the same as those that protect an organism from stress and ...
... Immunity is typically taken to be the defense that one organism projects against injury from another biological organism, such as infection or parasitization. However, the mechanisms of immunity against biological organisms are fundamentally the same as those that protect an organism from stress and ...
Review articles Mucosal vaccination – an old but still vital strategy1
... The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet informed on 3rd October 2011 that a half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was given to Ralph M. Steinman „for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity” [15]. In 1973 he identified a new cell type that he called the ...
... The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet informed on 3rd October 2011 that a half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was given to Ralph M. Steinman „for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity” [15]. In 1973 he identified a new cell type that he called the ...
Decreased GAD(65) -specific Th1/Tc1 treated with GAD-alum. Linköping University Post Print
... peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants with Luminex. Results: Expression of Th1-associated CCR5 was down-regulated following antigenchallenge, together with an increased CCR4/CCR5 ratio and CCL2 secretion in GAD-alum treated patients, but not in the placebo group. Conclusion: Our resu ...
... peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants with Luminex. Results: Expression of Th1-associated CCR5 was down-regulated following antigenchallenge, together with an increased CCR4/CCR5 ratio and CCL2 secretion in GAD-alum treated patients, but not in the placebo group. Conclusion: Our resu ...
Immune system
The immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease. To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, known as pathogens, from viruses to parasitic worms, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy tissue. In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system, or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity.Pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt, and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system; however, multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens. Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system, in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. Other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. Jawed vertebrates, including humans, have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms, including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently. Adaptive (or acquired) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination.Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer.Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency, acquired conditions such as HIV/AIDS, or the use of immunosuppressive medication. In contrast, autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system.