Part I T lymphocyte - Shandong University
... 5).Somatic hypermutation Somatic hypermutation occurs at a frequency approaching 10-3 per base pair per generation. This rate is at least a hundred thousand-fold higher (hence the name hypermutation) than the spontaneous mutation rate, about 10-8 /bp/generation, in other genes. Somatic hypermutation ...
... 5).Somatic hypermutation Somatic hypermutation occurs at a frequency approaching 10-3 per base pair per generation. This rate is at least a hundred thousand-fold higher (hence the name hypermutation) than the spontaneous mutation rate, about 10-8 /bp/generation, in other genes. Somatic hypermutation ...
Severe combined immune deficiency syndrome
... 7. Eight or more ear infections 8. Infections that do not resolve with antibiotic treatment for two or more months 9. Failure to gain weight or grow normally 10. Infections that require intravenous antibiotic treatment 11. Deep-seated infections, such as pneumonia that affects an entire lung or an a ...
... 7. Eight or more ear infections 8. Infections that do not resolve with antibiotic treatment for two or more months 9. Failure to gain weight or grow normally 10. Infections that require intravenous antibiotic treatment 11. Deep-seated infections, such as pneumonia that affects an entire lung or an a ...
Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
... Two “nephritogenic” proteins have thus far been identified in Streptococcal infections and include SpeB, a bacterial serine protease enzyme, and NAPIr, a secreted bacterial protein known as “nephritis-associated plasmin receptor”. It is thought that these proteins when present in the kidney precipita ...
... Two “nephritogenic” proteins have thus far been identified in Streptococcal infections and include SpeB, a bacterial serine protease enzyme, and NAPIr, a secreted bacterial protein known as “nephritis-associated plasmin receptor”. It is thought that these proteins when present in the kidney precipita ...
Pre-AP Biology Cell Transport Worksheet
... b. The ability of a cell membrane to permit some substances to enter the cell and keep others out is known as _____________________________. 8. Compare & contrast the following terms: a. Phagocytosis & pinocytosis i. Same: ii. Different: b. Molecular Pump & facilitated diffusion i. Same: ii. Differe ...
... b. The ability of a cell membrane to permit some substances to enter the cell and keep others out is known as _____________________________. 8. Compare & contrast the following terms: a. Phagocytosis & pinocytosis i. Same: ii. Different: b. Molecular Pump & facilitated diffusion i. Same: ii. Differe ...
The IMMUNE SYSTEM
... Humoral Response, how? • The B cell takes in a few foreign molecules and presents antigen fragments in its class II MHC to activated helper-T cells. • The activated B cell then proliferates into a clone of plasma cells that will produce antibodies and a clone of memory B cells. (Some do not require ...
... Humoral Response, how? • The B cell takes in a few foreign molecules and presents antigen fragments in its class II MHC to activated helper-T cells. • The activated B cell then proliferates into a clone of plasma cells that will produce antibodies and a clone of memory B cells. (Some do not require ...
Cell Structures Study Guide
... 3. What structures are found in all eukaryotic cells? 4. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5. Explain the importance of the cell’s small size and its need for a large surface area to volume ratio. 6. Calculate surface area to volume ratio, and use that to compare cell efficiency ...
... 3. What structures are found in all eukaryotic cells? 4. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 5. Explain the importance of the cell’s small size and its need for a large surface area to volume ratio. 6. Calculate surface area to volume ratio, and use that to compare cell efficiency ...
B cells
... of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) directed against invasive pathogens (typically known as antibodies). The function of B cells was discovered in the 1960s by Max Cooper who demonstrated that antibody production was completely abrogated in irradiated chickens after surgical removal of the Bursa ...
... of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) directed against invasive pathogens (typically known as antibodies). The function of B cells was discovered in the 1960s by Max Cooper who demonstrated that antibody production was completely abrogated in irradiated chickens after surgical removal of the Bursa ...
Chapter 18
... Specific Defenses: The Immune System • The humoral immune response involves antibodies that recognize antigenic determinants by shape and composition. • Some antibodies are soluble proteins that travel free in blood and lymph. Others are integral membrane proteins on B cells. • When a pathogen invad ...
... Specific Defenses: The Immune System • The humoral immune response involves antibodies that recognize antigenic determinants by shape and composition. • Some antibodies are soluble proteins that travel free in blood and lymph. Others are integral membrane proteins on B cells. • When a pathogen invad ...
cytotoxic T cells
... -localization: takes 5-10% of the circulating lymphocytes; migrate from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphatic organs thorugh the circulation - antigen presenting cells (APC) - activation: with antigens, via interaction with macrophages or T lymphocytes, lymphokines, cytokines - upon activation ...
... -localization: takes 5-10% of the circulating lymphocytes; migrate from the bone marrow to the secondary lymphatic organs thorugh the circulation - antigen presenting cells (APC) - activation: with antigens, via interaction with macrophages or T lymphocytes, lymphokines, cytokines - upon activation ...
Power Point
... Immunological Tolerance Under normal circumstances, our adaptive immune system does not react to antigens expressed by our own tissues and soluble proteins. Our immune system operates through a process of selfnonself discrimination. Both B and T lymphocytes are “educated” to recognize and react onl ...
... Immunological Tolerance Under normal circumstances, our adaptive immune system does not react to antigens expressed by our own tissues and soluble proteins. Our immune system operates through a process of selfnonself discrimination. Both B and T lymphocytes are “educated” to recognize and react onl ...
Immune regulating Es-products in parasitic nematodes
... Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark Excretory/secretory (ES) products are molecules including various proteins produced by parasitic nematodes including larval A. simplex which is occurring in numerous marine fish hosts. The function of these substances and ...
... Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark Excretory/secretory (ES) products are molecules including various proteins produced by parasitic nematodes including larval A. simplex which is occurring in numerous marine fish hosts. The function of these substances and ...
Dental Microbiology #211 IMMUNOLOGY Lecture 3
... Immunological Tolerance Under normal circumstances, our adaptive immune system does not react to antigens expressed by our own tissues and soluble proteins. Our immune system operates through a process of selfnonself discrimination. Both B and T lymphocytes are “educated” to recognize and react onl ...
... Immunological Tolerance Under normal circumstances, our adaptive immune system does not react to antigens expressed by our own tissues and soluble proteins. Our immune system operates through a process of selfnonself discrimination. Both B and T lymphocytes are “educated” to recognize and react onl ...
Chapter 13 Physical Activity and the Immune System
... macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly (approx. 8–12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response. Half of them are stored i ...
... macrophages and dendritic cells under normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly (approx. 8–12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response. Half of them are stored i ...
Press Release
... tumors more effectively and bring hope to people suffering from cancer.” The proposed therapy involves using SQZ technology to introduce proteins into a patient’s Bcells which will then help activate killer T-cells to attack the cancer. The ability to engineer such a response is fundamentally depend ...
... tumors more effectively and bring hope to people suffering from cancer.” The proposed therapy involves using SQZ technology to introduce proteins into a patient’s Bcells which will then help activate killer T-cells to attack the cancer. The ability to engineer such a response is fundamentally depend ...
Immunology: Introduction and Overview
... It uses barriers to exclude external agents. Memory is an important characteristic in this regard. ...
... It uses barriers to exclude external agents. Memory is an important characteristic in this regard. ...
Active immunity
... infection but not a different one) many specific defenses develop after birth upon exposure to an antigen (Ag); an antigen can be a pathogen (disease-causing organism), foreign protein (e.g. toxin), abnormal or infected body cell, foreign tissue transplant specific defenses produce a state of lo ...
... infection but not a different one) many specific defenses develop after birth upon exposure to an antigen (Ag); an antigen can be a pathogen (disease-causing organism), foreign protein (e.g. toxin), abnormal or infected body cell, foreign tissue transplant specific defenses produce a state of lo ...
Non specific defense mechanisms of fish
... The non-specific defense mechanisms of fish • The organism needs to defend itself not only from pathogens that are outside the body, such as bacteria, viruses etc but also from abnormal cells within the body which can give rise to cancers. ...
... The non-specific defense mechanisms of fish • The organism needs to defend itself not only from pathogens that are outside the body, such as bacteria, viruses etc but also from abnormal cells within the body which can give rise to cancers. ...
U-251 MG (Brain, Human)
... Derived from a malignant glioblastoma tumour by explant technique. U-251 was formerly distributed as U-373 MG (ECACC catalogue number 89081403) until short tandem repeat (STR)-PCR profiling confirmed identity with U-251. A new deposit of U-373 MG known as U-373 MG (Uppsala) is now available (ECACC c ...
... Derived from a malignant glioblastoma tumour by explant technique. U-251 was formerly distributed as U-373 MG (ECACC catalogue number 89081403) until short tandem repeat (STR)-PCR profiling confirmed identity with U-251. A new deposit of U-373 MG known as U-373 MG (Uppsala) is now available (ECACC c ...
Immune responses in viral infections
... foreign substances, self/non-self discrimination is one of the hallmarks of the immune system. Most pathogens can elicit both an antibody (humoral) and a cell-mediated response, both of which may contribute to ridding the host of the pathogen. However, for any particular pathogen one type of immune ...
... foreign substances, self/non-self discrimination is one of the hallmarks of the immune system. Most pathogens can elicit both an antibody (humoral) and a cell-mediated response, both of which may contribute to ridding the host of the pathogen. However, for any particular pathogen one type of immune ...
Q3. What are metabolic wastes?
... Q45. A person was driving at night while being tired. A kangaroo suddenly crossed his path. Explain why this person would take longer to bring his vehicle to a complete stop. A: being tired he is not alert. Therefore, his perception and reaction times will be slower than normal. By the time he appli ...
... Q45. A person was driving at night while being tired. A kangaroo suddenly crossed his path. Explain why this person would take longer to bring his vehicle to a complete stop. A: being tired he is not alert. Therefore, his perception and reaction times will be slower than normal. By the time he appli ...
Chapter 12 – The Cell Cycle
... print handout option and select black and white option. That way, you will not print black backgrounds and thus save ink! ...
... print handout option and select black and white option. That way, you will not print black backgrounds and thus save ink! ...
Animal Transport
... Macrophages or infected cells present antigens (non-self molecules) to the lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are specific to the antigens •B cells produce antibodies •Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells •Helper T cells stimulate other cells and defenses ...
... Macrophages or infected cells present antigens (non-self molecules) to the lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are specific to the antigens •B cells produce antibodies •Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells •Helper T cells stimulate other cells and defenses ...
Chapter 13 Physical Activity and the Immune System
... normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly (approx. 8–12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response. Half of them are stored in the spleen Monocytes and macrophages ...
... normal states, and (2) in response to inflammation signals, monocytes can move quickly (approx. 8–12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues and divide/differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit an immune response. Half of them are stored in the spleen Monocytes and macrophages ...
The Lymphatic System (Immune System) Nonspecific Resistance
... Active immunity – you produce antibodies/T cytotoxic cells vs. Passive immunity – you receive antibodies from mother or from injection from other source (often a horse), you do not produce them. 1. Naturally acquired active immunity - the body encounters the antigen from nature by infection, ingesti ...
... Active immunity – you produce antibodies/T cytotoxic cells vs. Passive immunity – you receive antibodies from mother or from injection from other source (often a horse), you do not produce them. 1. Naturally acquired active immunity - the body encounters the antigen from nature by infection, ingesti ...
Polyclonal B cell response
Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.