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Histones Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Kupffer Cells during
Histones Activate the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Kupffer Cells during

... injury is dependent on caspase-1 expression in liver nonparenchymal cells. Although upstream signals that activate the inflammasome during ischemic injury are not well characterized, we show that endogenous extracellular histones activate the NLRP3 inflammasome during liver I/R through TLR9. This oc ...
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... from the UK, a prominent member of the Wessely School) proposes to use ‘functional’ as the official diagnostic term for medically unexplained neurological symptoms (currently known as ‘conversion disorder’)….Interviewing the neurologists in a large UK region and then surveying all neurologists in th ...
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... that the only subset of T lymphocyte to be influenced by sleep loss is the CD4+ thymus helper cell (T helper cell) (Ruiz et al., 2012; Dinges et al., 1994; Zager et al., 2007). These cells have been shown to increase in population size under sleep loss conditions (Heiser et al., 2000; Ruiz et al., 2 ...
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... complement-mediated lysis. LVSG and LVSR are variant strains derived from LVS that have altered surface carbohydrate structures and are susceptible to complement-mediated lysis in serum. C3b deposition, however, occurs on each strain tested, indicating that complement is not solely activated by var ...
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... but not during AIT for venom allergy. Differences in immune responses to venoms versus aeroallergens might be due to different routes of natural allergen exposure. In human subjects the T cells that are predominant during AIT and natural antigen exposure are TR1 or IL-10–Treg cells that are enriched ...
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... detected, like bacterial or viral DNA, as a danger signal by the vertebrate immune system. CpG ODN synthesized with a nucleaseresistant phosphorothioate backbone have been shown to be potent Th1-directed adjuvants in mice, but these motifs have been relatively inactive on primate leukocytes in vitro ...
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... studies of da Costa Santiago et al.,4 who demonstrated a correlation of allergenicity with structural uniqueness of proteins, while homologous proteins common in eukaryotic organisms and high amino acid conservation levels result in lower allergenicity or lead to immunological tolerance. However, li ...
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... Context of Athlete Immune Function.” Two individual herbs and their specific effects on athletes’ immune function garner the foci of the next two sections, “Ginseng and Athlete Immune Function” and “Echinacea and Athlete Immune Function.” These two plants were selected for consideration because they ...
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... VP2. The capsid attaches to the cell surface through interactions between VP1 and host histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) (step 1), and is subsequently internalized, uncoated and disassembled (steps 2,3). The (+)RNA is then transcribed and translated in the cytoplasm of the host cell. Translation is ...
MEDICAL GRAND ROUNDS PARKLAND
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... 2 . It Lnc reases the i ntrahepatic pool of glucog e nic amino acids a) by enhancmg their tra ns port i nto the liver cells . and b) by Lncreasing proteolysis from plasma prot~ in and from hepatic cellular prot ei n (14) . NOTE : Although its glycogenolytic a ctivity is too well appr e ciated to r e ...
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Polyclonal B cell response



Polyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell.In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen. The immune system may respond in multiple ways to an antigen; a key feature of this response is the production of antibodies by B cells (or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not require direct cell-to-cell contact between the pathogen and the B-cell to function.Antigens can be large and complex substances, and any single antibody can only bind to a small, specific area on the antigen. Consequently, an effective immune response often involves the production of many different antibodies by many different B cells against the same antigen. Hence the term ""polyclonal"", which derives from the words poly, meaning many, and clones (""Klon""=Greek for sprout or twig); a clone is a group of cells arising from a common ""mother"" cell. The antibodies thus produced in a polyclonal response are known as polyclonal antibodies. The heterogeneous polyclonal antibodies are distinct from monoclonal antibody molecules, which are identical and react against a single epitope only, i.e., are more specific.Although the polyclonal response confers advantages on the immune system, in particular, greater probability of reacting against pathogens, it also increases chances of developing certain autoimmune diseases resulting from the reaction of the immune system against native molecules produced within the host.
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