11-1 The Work of Mendel
... of four offspring from each generation. You do not need to use a punnett square. ...
... of four offspring from each generation. You do not need to use a punnett square. ...
Dominance?
... • Lethal dominant alleles are rarer than lethal recessives, because: – They are always expressed, the effects are not masked in heterozygotes. – They usually result from new genetic mutations that occur in gametes and later kill the developing ...
... • Lethal dominant alleles are rarer than lethal recessives, because: – They are always expressed, the effects are not masked in heterozygotes. – They usually result from new genetic mutations that occur in gametes and later kill the developing ...
Activity #37- Genetics Vocab
... Homozygous- genotypes with the same alleles; either 2 dominant or 2 recessive Heterozygous- genotypes with different alleles; one dominant and one recessive Punnett Square ...
... Homozygous- genotypes with the same alleles; either 2 dominant or 2 recessive Heterozygous- genotypes with different alleles; one dominant and one recessive Punnett Square ...
Autoimmune Disease
... examples of molecular mimicry is the relationship between the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes and the myosin of cardiac muscle. Antibodies against certain M proteins cross-reactions can be involved, but most are antibody-mediated. Many autoimmune diseases exhibit a marked familial incidence, whi ...
... examples of molecular mimicry is the relationship between the M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes and the myosin of cardiac muscle. Antibodies against certain M proteins cross-reactions can be involved, but most are antibody-mediated. Many autoimmune diseases exhibit a marked familial incidence, whi ...
development of autoimmunity
... • AIRE - Failure of central tolerance - APECED • FOXP3 – Deficiency of functional regulatory T cells - IPEX • CTLA4 - Failure of anergy in CD4+ T cells; defective function of regulatory T cells - several autoimmune disorders • CD25 - Defective development, survival, or function of regulatory T-cells ...
... • AIRE - Failure of central tolerance - APECED • FOXP3 – Deficiency of functional regulatory T cells - IPEX • CTLA4 - Failure of anergy in CD4+ T cells; defective function of regulatory T cells - several autoimmune disorders • CD25 - Defective development, survival, or function of regulatory T-cells ...
Biology 12
... • Protective proteins eg antibodies, clotting factors Therefore proteins determine what you will look like, and how your body functions ...
... • Protective proteins eg antibodies, clotting factors Therefore proteins determine what you will look like, and how your body functions ...
AP Bio Ch. 14 Mendel
... one from each parent. If the two alleles differ, the dominant allele will be expressed in the organism’s appearance. The two alleles for each characteristic segregate during gamete production, with the egg or sperm each getting one of the two alleles. ...
... one from each parent. If the two alleles differ, the dominant allele will be expressed in the organism’s appearance. The two alleles for each characteristic segregate during gamete production, with the egg or sperm each getting one of the two alleles. ...
notes
... • Dependent on genetic variation • Driven by natural selection - differences in fitness make better adapted individuals more likely to pass on their genes • Can be described in terms of allele frequencies in the population ...
... • Dependent on genetic variation • Driven by natural selection - differences in fitness make better adapted individuals more likely to pass on their genes • Can be described in terms of allele frequencies in the population ...
Notes 5-1 & 5-2
... homozygous dominant (TT) If a gene has both recessive alleles, it is homozygous recessive (tt) If a gene has 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele, it is heterozygous (Tt) ...
... homozygous dominant (TT) If a gene has both recessive alleles, it is homozygous recessive (tt) If a gene has 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele, it is heterozygous (Tt) ...
Outline
... chromosomes and an individual’s chance of getting the trait varies with the sex of the individual. C) Most sex-linked traits are carried on the chromosome while very few are carried on the chromosome. ...
... chromosomes and an individual’s chance of getting the trait varies with the sex of the individual. C) Most sex-linked traits are carried on the chromosome while very few are carried on the chromosome. ...
McDermott
... There will be extra credit most weeks of the course. Objective Sheets are provided for topics we will cover and consist of a series of questions pertaining to the topic. As we finish a topic, answers to the questions posed on the Objective Sheets will be due the next class period and will be worth ...
... There will be extra credit most weeks of the course. Objective Sheets are provided for topics we will cover and consist of a series of questions pertaining to the topic. As we finish a topic, answers to the questions posed on the Objective Sheets will be due the next class period and will be worth ...
THE DLA DIVERSITY OF KROMFOHRLÄNDERS Dogs
... Some dog breeds have very limited DLA gene diversity and this makes them susceptible to different autoimmune diseases. Dozens of such diseases are known, among them diabetes, lupus, rheumatism, polyarthritis, hypothyroidism, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, Addison's disease and perianal fistelia. ...
... Some dog breeds have very limited DLA gene diversity and this makes them susceptible to different autoimmune diseases. Dozens of such diseases are known, among them diabetes, lupus, rheumatism, polyarthritis, hypothyroidism, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, Addison's disease and perianal fistelia. ...
Algorithms for Genetics: Introduction, and sources of
... segment. For example, ”19q13.2” refers to a particular location on chromosome 19. Ploidy: the number of copies of each chromosome that is contained in somatic (non-gamete) cells of a species. In humans and most other animal species, the somatic cells are usually diploid, meaning they have 2 copies o ...
... segment. For example, ”19q13.2” refers to a particular location on chromosome 19. Ploidy: the number of copies of each chromosome that is contained in somatic (non-gamete) cells of a species. In humans and most other animal species, the somatic cells are usually diploid, meaning they have 2 copies o ...
Section 12
... Heredity is the passing of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring. The units of heredity are called genes. Genes are found on the chromosomes in a cell. The combinations of genes for each trait occur by chance. An alternate form of a gene is called an allele. For example, if the gene is ...
... Heredity is the passing of traits or characteristics from parents to offspring. The units of heredity are called genes. Genes are found on the chromosomes in a cell. The combinations of genes for each trait occur by chance. An alternate form of a gene is called an allele. For example, if the gene is ...
Bengal Tiger
... live high in the mountains of India where the temperature is very cold. The presence of fur is dominant to the absence of fur, which is recessive. Because of this, the homozygous recessive trait is lethal. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of random mating in a population of tigers possessing a reces ...
... live high in the mountains of India where the temperature is very cold. The presence of fur is dominant to the absence of fur, which is recessive. Because of this, the homozygous recessive trait is lethal. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of random mating in a population of tigers possessing a reces ...
Punnett Squares
... Dominant vs. Recessive: Dominant Alleles- an allele that covers, or dominates another allele. Recessive Allele- an allele that is covered, or hidden by another allele (a dominant allele). ...
... Dominant vs. Recessive: Dominant Alleles- an allele that covers, or dominates another allele. Recessive Allele- an allele that is covered, or hidden by another allele (a dominant allele). ...
Transplantation: The replacement of diseased organs by a
... syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast which form the outer layers of the placenta. • The extravillous cytotrophoblast expresses a nonclassical nonpolymorphic MHC class I protein, HLA-G, which inhibits cytotoxicity by ...
... syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast which form the outer layers of the placenta. • The extravillous cytotrophoblast expresses a nonclassical nonpolymorphic MHC class I protein, HLA-G, which inhibits cytotoxicity by ...
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics
... A Summary of Mendel's Principles Genes are passed from parents to their offspring. If there are two or more alleles for a gene, some of the alleles may be dominant and others may be recessive. In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene. These genes are segreg ...
... A Summary of Mendel's Principles Genes are passed from parents to their offspring. If there are two or more alleles for a gene, some of the alleles may be dominant and others may be recessive. In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene. These genes are segreg ...
Gene Frequency and Speciation
... 1. The geographic area of the population can be world-wide. 2. Fertile offspring is one key component of the concept of species. a. If a female horse and a male donkey produce an offspring, it is called a mule. b. If the cross is between a female donkey and a male horse, it is called a hinny. c. Bot ...
... 1. The geographic area of the population can be world-wide. 2. Fertile offspring is one key component of the concept of species. a. If a female horse and a male donkey produce an offspring, it is called a mule. b. If the cross is between a female donkey and a male horse, it is called a hinny. c. Bot ...
The celiac risk factors L. Greco
... Although A125V was associated with protection from SLE, surprisingly the same allele was associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Functional activity: the A125V coding-change variant ELFID-UNINA alters the DUB activity of the protein. ...
... Although A125V was associated with protection from SLE, surprisingly the same allele was associated with increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease. Functional activity: the A125V coding-change variant ELFID-UNINA alters the DUB activity of the protein. ...
Powerpoint
... Why such a high mutation rate for dystrophin? • Gene is 2.4 Mb long • Average normal gene is 10,000-20,000 bases • 2,000,000/20,000 = 100 times longer than normal gene ...
... Why such a high mutation rate for dystrophin? • Gene is 2.4 Mb long • Average normal gene is 10,000-20,000 bases • 2,000,000/20,000 = 100 times longer than normal gene ...
Genetics Study Guide
... 1. What are traits? _characteristics of organisms that determine structure and function_________ 2. Factors that control traits are called __genes________________________________. 3. The different forms of a gene are called ____alleles___________________________. 4. What is a hybrid? _a mixed breed, ...
... 1. What are traits? _characteristics of organisms that determine structure and function_________ 2. Factors that control traits are called __genes________________________________. 3. The different forms of a gene are called ____alleles___________________________. 4. What is a hybrid? _a mixed breed, ...
You Light Up My Life
... • Genotype - Homozygous recessive at the gene locus that codes for tyrosinase, an enzyme in the melaninsynthesizing pathway ...
... • Genotype - Homozygous recessive at the gene locus that codes for tyrosinase, an enzyme in the melaninsynthesizing pathway ...
Biol 178 Lecture 25
... Example - ABO Blood group The gene I codes for an enzyme that puts sugars on red blood cells (rbcs). The sugars are important for self-recognition by the immune system. ...
... Example - ABO Blood group The gene I codes for an enzyme that puts sugars on red blood cells (rbcs). The sugars are important for self-recognition by the immune system. ...
Human leukocyte antigen
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the locus of genes that encode for proteins on the surface of cells that are responsible for regulation of the immune system in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6 (exception: the gene for β2-microglobulin which is located on chromosome 15), and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and has many other functions. The HLA genes are the human versions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes that are found in most vertebrates (and thus are the most studied of the MHC genes). The proteins encoded by certain genes are also known as antigens, as a result of their historic discovery as factors in organ transplants. The major HLAs are essential elements for immune function. Different classes have different functions:HLAs corresponding to MHC class I (A, B, and C) present peptides from inside the cell. For example, if the cell is infected by a virus, the HLA system brings fragments of the virus to the surface of the cell so that the cell can be destroyed by the immune system. These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. In general, these particular peptides are small polymers, about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens presented by MHC class I attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class II (DP, DM, DOA, DOB, DQ, and DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate the multiplication of T-helper cells, which in turn stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by regulatory T cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.HLAs have other roles. They are important in disease defense. They are the major cause of organ transplant rejections. They may protect against or fail to protect (if down-regulated by an infection) against cancers. Mutations in HLA may be linked to autoimmune disease (examples: type I diabetes, coeliac disease). HLA may also be related to people's perception of the odor of other people, and may be involved in mate selection, as at least one study found a lower-than-expected rate of HLA similarity between spouses in an isolated community.Aside from the genes encoding the 6 major antigen-presenting proteins, there are a large number of other genes, many involved in immune function, located on the HLA complex. Diversity of HLAs in the human population is one aspect of disease defense, and, as a result, the chance of two unrelated individuals with identical HLA molecules on all loci is very low. HLA genes have historically been identified as a result of the ability to successfully transplant organs between HLA-similar individuals.