Basic Forensic Genetics
... Some Definitions z genotype: genetic constitution of an individual z phenotype: physical or biochemical expression of a genotype (‘traits’) z polymorphism: a gene (or DNA locus) for which the most common allele has a frequency of < 0.95 (or 0.99) x c.f. rare allele (frequency < 0.005) x With 2 ...
... Some Definitions z genotype: genetic constitution of an individual z phenotype: physical or biochemical expression of a genotype (‘traits’) z polymorphism: a gene (or DNA locus) for which the most common allele has a frequency of < 0.95 (or 0.99) x c.f. rare allele (frequency < 0.005) x With 2 ...
Snímek 1
... neutralizing IgG and IgM antibodies activate the classical pathway of complement, that is able to lyse certain viruses opsonized viral particles are phagocytosed IgA and IgG have preventive effect in secondary ...
... neutralizing IgG and IgM antibodies activate the classical pathway of complement, that is able to lyse certain viruses opsonized viral particles are phagocytosed IgA and IgG have preventive effect in secondary ...
Document
... • The goal of this lecture will be to outline the general principles of molecular organization and function of both the genetic regions that encode MHC molecules and the functional cell surface molecules themselves. ...
... • The goal of this lecture will be to outline the general principles of molecular organization and function of both the genetic regions that encode MHC molecules and the functional cell surface molecules themselves. ...
Understanding the Immune System
... adaptive immune system – so everybody is different Those people with HLA-B27 type of MHC Class I are at higher risk for developing AS But Why? ...
... adaptive immune system – so everybody is different Those people with HLA-B27 type of MHC Class I are at higher risk for developing AS But Why? ...
9BCC Bio 103 Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance CONCEPTS ONLY
... • Mendel explained why the short plants showed up in a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation and not the F1 generation • The F1 parents contained 2 separate copies of each hereditary factor, one being dominant and the other recessive ...
... • Mendel explained why the short plants showed up in a 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation and not the F1 generation • The F1 parents contained 2 separate copies of each hereditary factor, one being dominant and the other recessive ...
3000_2013_2d+e
... • Question with phylogenetic variation is how labile is the trait? How conserved? • Are flower colors and shapes controlled by many mutations of small effect, or can some individual mutations have major effect? ...
... • Question with phylogenetic variation is how labile is the trait? How conserved? • Are flower colors and shapes controlled by many mutations of small effect, or can some individual mutations have major effect? ...
Chapter 14—Mendel and the Gene Idea
... Even though there are three possible alleles, every person carries only two alleles which specify their ABO blood type; one allele is inherited from each parent. Blood Possible Antigens on the Antibodies Type Genotypes Red Blood Cell in the Serum A A A I I A Anti-B IA i B IB IB B Anti-A B I i AB IA ...
... Even though there are three possible alleles, every person carries only two alleles which specify their ABO blood type; one allele is inherited from each parent. Blood Possible Antigens on the Antibodies Type Genotypes Red Blood Cell in the Serum A A A I I A Anti-B IA i B IB IB B Anti-A B I i AB IA ...
Transplantation Immunology
... recipient’s MHC molecules must be presenting allogenic graft MHC proteins to recipient T cells. This process is called indirect presentation, ...
... recipient’s MHC molecules must be presenting allogenic graft MHC proteins to recipient T cells. This process is called indirect presentation, ...
Learning Goal B
... • He allowed each variety to self-pollinate for several generations to ensure that they were true-breeding (offspring always exhibited the same trait). He called this the P1 (parent) Generation. • He took two of these parent plants with contrasting forms of the same trait and crosspollinated them. • ...
... • He allowed each variety to self-pollinate for several generations to ensure that they were true-breeding (offspring always exhibited the same trait). He called this the P1 (parent) Generation. • He took two of these parent plants with contrasting forms of the same trait and crosspollinated them. • ...
Canine Coat Colour Test
... The D locus is a modification of the Melanophillin (MLPH) gene and as mentioned, individuals are born with the dilute phenotype. There are two alleles described at this locus. The wild type allele (D) is dominant to the dilute allele (d). Therefore in order to be dilute, the individual must have 2 c ...
... The D locus is a modification of the Melanophillin (MLPH) gene and as mentioned, individuals are born with the dilute phenotype. There are two alleles described at this locus. The wild type allele (D) is dominant to the dilute allele (d). Therefore in order to be dilute, the individual must have 2 c ...
Kuby`s Immunology
... molecule as it is found in the membrane. How is the polymorphism or diversity of MHC, different from the generation of diversity in antibodies? How do MHC-II molecules allow immune cells to communicate with each other? Why is this communication important? ...
... molecule as it is found in the membrane. How is the polymorphism or diversity of MHC, different from the generation of diversity in antibodies? How do MHC-II molecules allow immune cells to communicate with each other? Why is this communication important? ...
EXTENSIONS AND DEVIATIONS OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
... But how can these two protein variants produce a favorable phenotype in the heterozygote Well, there are three possible explanations for overdominance at the molecular/cellular level 1. Disease resistance 2. Homodimer formation 3. Variation in functional activity ...
... But how can these two protein variants produce a favorable phenotype in the heterozygote Well, there are three possible explanations for overdominance at the molecular/cellular level 1. Disease resistance 2. Homodimer formation 3. Variation in functional activity ...
on MHC & Leukemia Associations in Humans
... Controls are an unselected group of local newborns (201 boys & 214 girls) * Case-only analysis P = 0.002 (OR = 5.6; 95% CI = 1.8 to 17.6) This association extends to a DRB4-HSP70 haplotype (OR = 8.3; 95% CI = 3.0 to 22.9) This association has been replicated in Scotland and Turkey ...
... Controls are an unselected group of local newborns (201 boys & 214 girls) * Case-only analysis P = 0.002 (OR = 5.6; 95% CI = 1.8 to 17.6) This association extends to a DRB4-HSP70 haplotype (OR = 8.3; 95% CI = 3.0 to 22.9) This association has been replicated in Scotland and Turkey ...
alleles and punnett square notesBLANK
... If a child receives two recessive blue eye alleles (one from each parent), then their genotype will = bb. This is homozygous blue because both alleles are the same. Blue eyes will be the trait that shows up. Blue eyes will only show up if the recessive blue allele’s pair up together. Therefor the ph ...
... If a child receives two recessive blue eye alleles (one from each parent), then their genotype will = bb. This is homozygous blue because both alleles are the same. Blue eyes will be the trait that shows up. Blue eyes will only show up if the recessive blue allele’s pair up together. Therefor the ph ...
Review of Hardy Weinberg
... SS =1194/1778 = .67 Ss= 526/1778 = .30 ss= 58/1778 = .03 There are two ways that you can calculate the allele frequencies from this data: (1) Directly from the numbers given the allele frequencies of p (S) and q (s) are: 2914/ 3556 S alleles = 0.82 S frequency (2) We can use genotype frequencies to ...
... SS =1194/1778 = .67 Ss= 526/1778 = .30 ss= 58/1778 = .03 There are two ways that you can calculate the allele frequencies from this data: (1) Directly from the numbers given the allele frequencies of p (S) and q (s) are: 2914/ 3556 S alleles = 0.82 S frequency (2) We can use genotype frequencies to ...
BIOL 464/GEN 535 Population Genetics
... migration, no selection (fecundity + mortality), and no mutation, then the allele frequencies will remain constant, and the genotype frequencies will be a binomial expansion of the allele frequencies in the next generation. This is fundamentally important because it serves as a null hypothesis for a ...
... migration, no selection (fecundity + mortality), and no mutation, then the allele frequencies will remain constant, and the genotype frequencies will be a binomial expansion of the allele frequencies in the next generation. This is fundamentally important because it serves as a null hypothesis for a ...
Epitope mapping
... antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a paratope. Although epitopes are usually thought to be derived from nonself proteins, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized are also classified as epitopes. Most epitopes recognized by antibodies or B cells can be thought of as three-d ...
... antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a paratope. Although epitopes are usually thought to be derived from nonself proteins, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized are also classified as epitopes. Most epitopes recognized by antibodies or B cells can be thought of as three-d ...
Gregor Mendel Between 1856 and 1863, Gregor Mendel, an
... Mendel decided that there were factors, which we now call genes. The genes could be either dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles, or traits, mask (hide) recessive alleles. In this case, the yellow is dominant, and the green is recessive. So the purebred parents made offspring that had green and ye ...
... Mendel decided that there were factors, which we now call genes. The genes could be either dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles, or traits, mask (hide) recessive alleles. In this case, the yellow is dominant, and the green is recessive. So the purebred parents made offspring that had green and ye ...
Why haplotype analysis is not critical in genome wide association studies Derek Gordon
... One of the most well-documented and replicated results of a risk locus for late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the APOE gene on Chromosome 19. There are three alleles at this locus, labeled ε2, ε3, and ε4. The last (ε4) is the risk allele for the AD. ...
... One of the most well-documented and replicated results of a risk locus for late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the APOE gene on Chromosome 19. There are three alleles at this locus, labeled ε2, ε3, and ε4. The last (ε4) is the risk allele for the AD. ...
Auto-immune diseases – 19/03/03
... So what is the cause of autoimmune disease? Basically, the cause is many. 1) Some proteins/cells and other components in the body are sequestered. This means, under normal circumstances the immune system is unaware of their existence (i.e.: Think of security guards and you hiding somewhere, they can ...
... So what is the cause of autoimmune disease? Basically, the cause is many. 1) Some proteins/cells and other components in the body are sequestered. This means, under normal circumstances the immune system is unaware of their existence (i.e.: Think of security guards and you hiding somewhere, they can ...
Biology Chapter 8 Study Guide - Wood
... 11. How do you write alleles? WITH LETTERS, CAPITAL LETTERS = DOMINANT TRAITS, lower case letters = recessive traits 12. What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles/traits (explain both)? ALLELES ARE FORMS OF A TRAIT, THE ALLELES FOR SKIN PIGMENTATION ARE NORMAL(DOMINANT) AND ALBI ...
... 11. How do you write alleles? WITH LETTERS, CAPITAL LETTERS = DOMINANT TRAITS, lower case letters = recessive traits 12. What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles/traits (explain both)? ALLELES ARE FORMS OF A TRAIT, THE ALLELES FOR SKIN PIGMENTATION ARE NORMAL(DOMINANT) AND ALBI ...
The Immune System The immune system allows the body to defend
... The immune system allows the body to defend against disease-causing agent. This system recognizes and destroys “foreign” substances, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, toxins and cancer cells. The body has two ways to defend against these substances nonspecific and specific resistance or im ...
... The immune system allows the body to defend against disease-causing agent. This system recognizes and destroys “foreign” substances, such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, toxins and cancer cells. The body has two ways to defend against these substances nonspecific and specific resistance or im ...
Natural Selection Lab
... 2. When the music begins, walk randomly around the room. When the music stops, mate with the person nearest you. During mating, each person contributes one allele to each offspring. Offspring with a homozygous dominant genotype (2 dominant alleles) (flip a coin, heads dead from malaria). Offspring w ...
... 2. When the music begins, walk randomly around the room. When the music stops, mate with the person nearest you. During mating, each person contributes one allele to each offspring. Offspring with a homozygous dominant genotype (2 dominant alleles) (flip a coin, heads dead from malaria). Offspring w ...
Inbreeding and outbreeding
... successive generations. More organisms are produced than can survive = competition for resources Structural, physiological and behavioural features = increase fitness Fitter individuals contribute more alleles to the gene pool = alleles increase in frequency. Unsuccessful phenotypes decrease – ...
... successive generations. More organisms are produced than can survive = competition for resources Structural, physiological and behavioural features = increase fitness Fitter individuals contribute more alleles to the gene pool = alleles increase in frequency. Unsuccessful phenotypes decrease – ...
Population Genetics
... • The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that the processes involved in a Mendelian system have no tendency to alter allele frequencies from one generation to another. – The repeated shuffling of a population’s gene pool over generations cannot increase the frequency of one allele over another. Copyright ...
... • The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that the processes involved in a Mendelian system have no tendency to alter allele frequencies from one generation to another. – The repeated shuffling of a population’s gene pool over generations cannot increase the frequency of one allele over another. Copyright ...
Human leukocyte antigen
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the locus of genes that encode for proteins on the surface of cells that are responsible for regulation of the immune system in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6 (exception: the gene for β2-microglobulin which is located on chromosome 15), and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and has many other functions. The HLA genes are the human versions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes that are found in most vertebrates (and thus are the most studied of the MHC genes). The proteins encoded by certain genes are also known as antigens, as a result of their historic discovery as factors in organ transplants. The major HLAs are essential elements for immune function. Different classes have different functions:HLAs corresponding to MHC class I (A, B, and C) present peptides from inside the cell. For example, if the cell is infected by a virus, the HLA system brings fragments of the virus to the surface of the cell so that the cell can be destroyed by the immune system. These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. In general, these particular peptides are small polymers, about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens presented by MHC class I attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class II (DP, DM, DOA, DOB, DQ, and DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate the multiplication of T-helper cells, which in turn stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by regulatory T cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.HLAs have other roles. They are important in disease defense. They are the major cause of organ transplant rejections. They may protect against or fail to protect (if down-regulated by an infection) against cancers. Mutations in HLA may be linked to autoimmune disease (examples: type I diabetes, coeliac disease). HLA may also be related to people's perception of the odor of other people, and may be involved in mate selection, as at least one study found a lower-than-expected rate of HLA similarity between spouses in an isolated community.Aside from the genes encoding the 6 major antigen-presenting proteins, there are a large number of other genes, many involved in immune function, located on the HLA complex. Diversity of HLAs in the human population is one aspect of disease defense, and, as a result, the chance of two unrelated individuals with identical HLA molecules on all loci is very low. HLA genes have historically been identified as a result of the ability to successfully transplant organs between HLA-similar individuals.