Aalborg Universitet immune cells
... Ongoing human exposure in combination with year-long PBDE elimination half-lives [8] will result in substantial PBDE accumulation in humans in the future. One of the commercial mixtures of PBDEs was the PentaBDE mixture DE-71. DE-71 consists of a specific combination of congeners similar to the comb ...
... Ongoing human exposure in combination with year-long PBDE elimination half-lives [8] will result in substantial PBDE accumulation in humans in the future. One of the commercial mixtures of PBDEs was the PentaBDE mixture DE-71. DE-71 consists of a specific combination of congeners similar to the comb ...
Taking Advantage: High-Affinity B Cells in the Germinal Center Have
... these rare B cells with higher affinity BCRs are selected and their progeny increase, eventually populating the high-affinity memory and plasma cell pools (8). As important as this process, known as affinity maturation, is for the generation of adaptive immunity, the mechanism for selecting higher a ...
... these rare B cells with higher affinity BCRs are selected and their progeny increase, eventually populating the high-affinity memory and plasma cell pools (8). As important as this process, known as affinity maturation, is for the generation of adaptive immunity, the mechanism for selecting higher a ...
Abundance of Early Functional HIV-Specific CD8 T Cells Does Not
... load and sustained CD4+ T-cell counts [13–15]. Studies in HIVinfected individuals who seem able to control viremia without treatment have shown that these individuals have maintained highly functional T cells. Their HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are able to produce multiple cytokines (i.e. IFNc, IL-2, T ...
... load and sustained CD4+ T-cell counts [13–15]. Studies in HIVinfected individuals who seem able to control viremia without treatment have shown that these individuals have maintained highly functional T cells. Their HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are able to produce multiple cytokines (i.e. IFNc, IL-2, T ...
Immune response and virus population composition: HIV as a case
... the disease. Therapy directed against the infection (highly active anti-retroviral therapy i.e. HAART) is only partially efficient, even in the absence of drug-resistant escape mutants, and causes major shifts in the viral quasi-species composition (Haase 1999). Also, AIDS is closely associated with ...
... the disease. Therapy directed against the infection (highly active anti-retroviral therapy i.e. HAART) is only partially efficient, even in the absence of drug-resistant escape mutants, and causes major shifts in the viral quasi-species composition (Haase 1999). Also, AIDS is closely associated with ...
Vaccine immunology - World Health Organization
... Such antibodies may neutralize toxins in the periphery, at their site of production in an infected wound (tetanus) or throat (diphtheria). They may reduce binding or adhesion to susceptible cells/receptors and thus prevent viral replication (e.g., polio) or bacterial colonization (glycoconjugate vac ...
... Such antibodies may neutralize toxins in the periphery, at their site of production in an infected wound (tetanus) or throat (diphtheria). They may reduce binding or adhesion to susceptible cells/receptors and thus prevent viral replication (e.g., polio) or bacterial colonization (glycoconjugate vac ...
1 Elevated IL-17 produced byTH17 cells promotes myeloma cell
... Both phenotypic and functional aberrations in CD4 and CD8 cells have been described2. Although recent studies show that T cells from MM patients contain defective TCR-Vβ repertoire3 and impaired viral-specific CTLs, particularly against influenza and EBV4, presence of clonal CD4 and CD8 cells has be ...
... Both phenotypic and functional aberrations in CD4 and CD8 cells have been described2. Although recent studies show that T cells from MM patients contain defective TCR-Vβ repertoire3 and impaired viral-specific CTLs, particularly against influenza and EBV4, presence of clonal CD4 and CD8 cells has be ...
HN proteins of human parainfluenza type 4A virus expressed in cell
... the penetration of paramyxovirus and functional RNA were needed for interferon induction in mouse fibroblasts. On the other hand, the interaction between HN ...
... the penetration of paramyxovirus and functional RNA were needed for interferon induction in mouse fibroblasts. On the other hand, the interaction between HN ...
Hormonal Contraception and HIV Disease Progression
... The majority of the 15.4 million human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected women worldwide are of child-bearing age and need access to contraception. Hormonal methods of contraception are safe, acceptable, and effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies. Many published studies have examined the i ...
... The majority of the 15.4 million human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected women worldwide are of child-bearing age and need access to contraception. Hormonal methods of contraception are safe, acceptable, and effective in preventing unwanted pregnancies. Many published studies have examined the i ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... chains, and two shorter, called light chains, paired together in a Y-shape. The open upper part of the Y is the antigen binding part, and the lower part of the Y is the Fc part, which is responsible for interaction with receptors and complement 7. There are five different Fc parts, each correspondin ...
... chains, and two shorter, called light chains, paired together in a Y-shape. The open upper part of the Y is the antigen binding part, and the lower part of the Y is the Fc part, which is responsible for interaction with receptors and complement 7. There are five different Fc parts, each correspondin ...
MHC Molecules
... • The 2 classes of MHC molecule are specialised to present different sources of antigen • MHC class I molecules present endogenously synthesised antigens, e.g. viral proteins • MHC class II molecules present exogenously derived proteins, e.g. bacterial products or viral capsid proteins • The cell bi ...
... • The 2 classes of MHC molecule are specialised to present different sources of antigen • MHC class I molecules present endogenously synthesised antigens, e.g. viral proteins • MHC class II molecules present exogenously derived proteins, e.g. bacterial products or viral capsid proteins • The cell bi ...
Influence of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection and the
... the pregnancy stage at which transmission occurs is related to clinical severity [12–16]. Maternal antibodies with neutralizing activity are transferred to the fetus predominantly during the third trimester of gestation and may prevent congenital CMV disease [17]. Among other factors, fetal immune i ...
... the pregnancy stage at which transmission occurs is related to clinical severity [12–16]. Maternal antibodies with neutralizing activity are transferred to the fetus predominantly during the third trimester of gestation and may prevent congenital CMV disease [17]. Among other factors, fetal immune i ...
Primary B-Cell Deficiencies Reveal a Link between Human IL
... autocrine role in their differentiation and maintenance [4]. Several co-stimulatory molecules have also been shown to play roles in both Th17 induction and/or survival as well as in B-cell differentiation into plasma and memory B cells, namely ICOS and CD40L [17,18,19,20,21,22]. T-cell help is known ...
... autocrine role in their differentiation and maintenance [4]. Several co-stimulatory molecules have also been shown to play roles in both Th17 induction and/or survival as well as in B-cell differentiation into plasma and memory B cells, namely ICOS and CD40L [17,18,19,20,21,22]. T-cell help is known ...
Cells Inhibits NK Cell Antitumor Activity GITR Ligand Provided by
... concomitant depletion of platelets and NK cells reverts the antimetastatic phenotype of thrombocytopenic mice (11–16). It has thus been proposed that platelets may protect tumor cells from NK-dependent antitumor immunity during their passage from the primary tumor to a metastatic site. NK cells are ...
... concomitant depletion of platelets and NK cells reverts the antimetastatic phenotype of thrombocytopenic mice (11–16). It has thus been proposed that platelets may protect tumor cells from NK-dependent antitumor immunity during their passage from the primary tumor to a metastatic site. NK cells are ...
MHC
... by a given MHC protein is selective but less specific than antigen binding by a TCR or a BCR. (2) Flexibility: a series of different antigenic peptides with the same consensus binding motif can be presented by a given MHC molecule. ...
... by a given MHC protein is selective but less specific than antigen binding by a TCR or a BCR. (2) Flexibility: a series of different antigenic peptides with the same consensus binding motif can be presented by a given MHC molecule. ...
Immunotherapy and Bone-Metastatic Castration
... escape or unregulated proliferation. This equilibrium is achieved through immune surveillance, whereby the immune system can specifically identify and eliminate tumor cells on the basis of their expression of specific cell surface antigens. However, in cases where the immune system is not able to co ...
... escape or unregulated proliferation. This equilibrium is achieved through immune surveillance, whereby the immune system can specifically identify and eliminate tumor cells on the basis of their expression of specific cell surface antigens. However, in cases where the immune system is not able to co ...
Low natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in autism
... 2001; Mueller et al., 2008). In humans, NK cells are broadly defined as CD3−CD56+ lymphocytes. They can be further subdivided into two main subsets on the basis of their surface expression levels of CD56. CD56bright NK cells have predominantly immunoregulatory properties mediated by a potent cytokine ...
... 2001; Mueller et al., 2008). In humans, NK cells are broadly defined as CD3−CD56+ lymphocytes. They can be further subdivided into two main subsets on the basis of their surface expression levels of CD56. CD56bright NK cells have predominantly immunoregulatory properties mediated by a potent cytokine ...
History of Immunology
... disease that the sick and the dying found most compassion. These knew what it was from experience, and had now no fear for themselves; for the same man was never attacked twice - never at least fatally” Resistance to re-infection-Immunity Department of Immunology ...
... disease that the sick and the dying found most compassion. These knew what it was from experience, and had now no fear for themselves; for the same man was never attacked twice - never at least fatally” Resistance to re-infection-Immunity Department of Immunology ...
PowerPoint 프레젠테이션
... • The most promising preventive strategies have included binding of calcification inhibitors to glutaraldehyde fixed tissue, removal or modification of calcifiable components, modification of glutaraldehyde fixation, and use of tissue cross linking agents other than glutaraldehyde. ...
... • The most promising preventive strategies have included binding of calcification inhibitors to glutaraldehyde fixed tissue, removal or modification of calcifiable components, modification of glutaraldehyde fixation, and use of tissue cross linking agents other than glutaraldehyde. ...
WHITE BLOOD CELLS Formation Function ~ TEST YOURSELF
... All white blood cells develop in the bone marrow except for some lymphocytes (they start out in bone marrow but develop elsewhere). At the beginning of leukopoiesis all the immature white blood cells look alike even though they're already committed to a specific cell line. It's not until the cells s ...
... All white blood cells develop in the bone marrow except for some lymphocytes (they start out in bone marrow but develop elsewhere). At the beginning of leukopoiesis all the immature white blood cells look alike even though they're already committed to a specific cell line. It's not until the cells s ...
Naive B cells generate regulatory T cells in the
... B-cell– and DC-primed T cells, cocultures underwent immunomagnetic depletion of non-CD4⫹ cells after 72 hours. Naive T cells were CFSElabeled and cocultured with DCs as described in “Cell preparation.” Varying numbers of B-cell– (TofB) or DC (TofDC)–primed T cells were added to test their inhibitory ...
... B-cell– and DC-primed T cells, cocultures underwent immunomagnetic depletion of non-CD4⫹ cells after 72 hours. Naive T cells were CFSElabeled and cocultured with DCs as described in “Cell preparation.” Varying numbers of B-cell– (TofB) or DC (TofDC)–primed T cells were added to test their inhibitory ...
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Producing and Readily Migrating −
... endritic cells (DC) undergo transition from immature DC to mature DC (mDC) under inflammatory conditions. During this process, surface levels of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II (MHCII) increase, and the cells release inflammatory cytokines (1–4). Inflamed mDC migrate to draining lymph nodes (DLN) ...
... endritic cells (DC) undergo transition from immature DC to mature DC (mDC) under inflammatory conditions. During this process, surface levels of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II (MHCII) increase, and the cells release inflammatory cytokines (1–4). Inflamed mDC migrate to draining lymph nodes (DLN) ...
Adrenocorticotropic hormone: a molecule for all seasons
... present in different tissues. Exogenous ACTH exerts various biological functions, being involved in immune-neuroendocrine responses and parasitism. There is a deep correlation between the lymphocytes of vertebrates and immunocytes of invertebrates (Scapigliati, 2013) because both contain several mol ...
... present in different tissues. Exogenous ACTH exerts various biological functions, being involved in immune-neuroendocrine responses and parasitism. There is a deep correlation between the lymphocytes of vertebrates and immunocytes of invertebrates (Scapigliati, 2013) because both contain several mol ...
The decidua—the maternal bed embracing the embryo—maintains
... embryo/fetus. Looking at the basic functions and characteristics of these immune cells, tracking the outcomes of deficiency or abnormality in each component of these immune subsets, we may be able to shed light on their roles and importance in normal and pathological conditions. ...
... embryo/fetus. Looking at the basic functions and characteristics of these immune cells, tracking the outcomes of deficiency or abnormality in each component of these immune subsets, we may be able to shed light on their roles and importance in normal and pathological conditions. ...
NK cells in immunotolerant organs
... the liver or conventional NK cells circulated from the bone marrow.52 The liver is the site of NK cell generation when life begins. During the early stage of the life cycle, hepatic NK cells possess all the typical characteristics of classical NK cells, but still have their own unique phenotypes and ...
... the liver or conventional NK cells circulated from the bone marrow.52 The liver is the site of NK cell generation when life begins. During the early stage of the life cycle, hepatic NK cells possess all the typical characteristics of classical NK cells, but still have their own unique phenotypes and ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.