Introduction to Blood
... - First contact between a CTL or NK cell with infected cells is via non-specific binding of adhesion molecules (LFA-1 (blue) on T and NK cells with ICAM-1 or ICAM-2 (brown) on target cells). This makes a channel between the target and the cytotoxic cell. - Specific antigen/MHC class I recognition by ...
... - First contact between a CTL or NK cell with infected cells is via non-specific binding of adhesion molecules (LFA-1 (blue) on T and NK cells with ICAM-1 or ICAM-2 (brown) on target cells). This makes a channel between the target and the cytotoxic cell. - Specific antigen/MHC class I recognition by ...
Lymphatic System and Immunity
... Plasma Cells • Produce huge numbers of antibodies – 2000/second ...
... Plasma Cells • Produce huge numbers of antibodies – 2000/second ...
Disease and Immunity - Skinners` School Science
... • Initial HIV infection may cause swollen lymph glands or a short-lived viral illness • Initial level of HIV in blood spikes and then falls again • Over time HIV causes number of T helper cells (important components of the immune system that activate other cells) to fall dramatically • Eventually th ...
... • Initial HIV infection may cause swollen lymph glands or a short-lived viral illness • Initial level of HIV in blood spikes and then falls again • Over time HIV causes number of T helper cells (important components of the immune system that activate other cells) to fall dramatically • Eventually th ...
Marginal zone B cells
... 1. For cytotoxic CD8 T-cells, ligation of the TCR by MHC I/peptide + co-stimulation results in release of granzymes and perforin and/or FasL, leading to apoptosis of the target cells. 2. Viruses evade host defense, in part, by down-regulating MHC Class I. Uninfected dendritic cells circumvent this b ...
... 1. For cytotoxic CD8 T-cells, ligation of the TCR by MHC I/peptide + co-stimulation results in release of granzymes and perforin and/or FasL, leading to apoptosis of the target cells. 2. Viruses evade host defense, in part, by down-regulating MHC Class I. Uninfected dendritic cells circumvent this b ...
(Innate) Immunity Lecture
... from white blood cells that have recognized an invader (via toll-like receptors, mast cells, etc.) or from damaged tissues itself (such as prostaglandins released when tissue is damaged). The five cardinal signs of inflammation include redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function. ...
... from white blood cells that have recognized an invader (via toll-like receptors, mast cells, etc.) or from damaged tissues itself (such as prostaglandins released when tissue is damaged). The five cardinal signs of inflammation include redness, heat, swelling, pain and loss of function. ...
Document
... Alum), water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions (e.g. Freund’s adjuvant), as well as natural and synthetic toxins derived from bacteria (e.g. cholera toxin, CT and lymphotoxin, LT). Based on their mechanism of action, adjuvants have been categorised into two broad groups; the particulate vaccine-deliv ...
... Alum), water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions (e.g. Freund’s adjuvant), as well as natural and synthetic toxins derived from bacteria (e.g. cholera toxin, CT and lymphotoxin, LT). Based on their mechanism of action, adjuvants have been categorised into two broad groups; the particulate vaccine-deliv ...
T Cell Development and Selection, Part I
... II. TCR gene rearrangement. 1). Four loci, , , , (but is contained completely within -- this has interesting implications). 2) Diversity via V(D)J recombination. RAG proteins, dsDNA repair proteins, scid mutation, etc. N-regions, P-nucleotides. 3) Distinctive features—TCR locus with ~ 50 J ...
... II. TCR gene rearrangement. 1). Four loci, , , , (but is contained completely within -- this has interesting implications). 2) Diversity via V(D)J recombination. RAG proteins, dsDNA repair proteins, scid mutation, etc. N-regions, P-nucleotides. 3) Distinctive features—TCR locus with ~ 50 J ...
The Lymphatic System
... body is capable of producing antibodies to a pathogen 2. passive immunity: antibodies produced by another organism are injected; recipient is immune as long as antibodies remain in circulation 3. maternal immunity: antibodies are passed from mother to fetus or infant; similar to passive immunity ...
... body is capable of producing antibodies to a pathogen 2. passive immunity: antibodies produced by another organism are injected; recipient is immune as long as antibodies remain in circulation 3. maternal immunity: antibodies are passed from mother to fetus or infant; similar to passive immunity ...
Interferon Type II & III - Bite
... interferon or IFN-γ and the type III interferons IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3. IFN-γ is secreted by natural killer (NK) cells, T cells and antigen presenting cells (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) whereas to date the only source of type III interferons identified is plasmacytoid dendritic c ...
... interferon or IFN-γ and the type III interferons IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2 and IFN-λ3. IFN-γ is secreted by natural killer (NK) cells, T cells and antigen presenting cells (monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells) whereas to date the only source of type III interferons identified is plasmacytoid dendritic c ...
Immune system notes - St Paul`s School Intranet
... In contrast to phagocytes, lymphocytes recognize and respond to particular pathogens and foreign molecules, so their response is said to be specific. Any foreign molecule that elicits this specific response is called an antigen. An antigen could be a molecule that makes up part of the cell wall of a ...
... In contrast to phagocytes, lymphocytes recognize and respond to particular pathogens and foreign molecules, so their response is said to be specific. Any foreign molecule that elicits this specific response is called an antigen. An antigen could be a molecule that makes up part of the cell wall of a ...
Document
... • They provide general barriers to infection • 1. The skin and Mucous Membranes: skin is a physical barrier to microbes helped by oil and sweat with a low pH. Lysozyme is an enzyme that attacks bacterial cell walls present in tears, saliva and mucus. • 2. Phagocytic White Cells and Natural Killer Ce ...
... • They provide general barriers to infection • 1. The skin and Mucous Membranes: skin is a physical barrier to microbes helped by oil and sweat with a low pH. Lysozyme is an enzyme that attacks bacterial cell walls present in tears, saliva and mucus. • 2. Phagocytic White Cells and Natural Killer Ce ...
Immune System
... It functions to combat major invasions, and comes into play only when your first 2 lines of defense have failed to kill the invading pathogens ...
... It functions to combat major invasions, and comes into play only when your first 2 lines of defense have failed to kill the invading pathogens ...
The Body`s Lines of Defense
... blood cell counts. (b) Patient Z. Indicators are higher body temperature and an elevated white blood cell count. The red blood cell count is normal. (c) Patient Y. Indicators are increased white blood cell count and reduced red blood cell count because white blood cell growth in the bone marrow ...
... blood cell counts. (b) Patient Z. Indicators are higher body temperature and an elevated white blood cell count. The red blood cell count is normal. (c) Patient Y. Indicators are increased white blood cell count and reduced red blood cell count because white blood cell growth in the bone marrow ...
Diapositive 1
... Cell surface protein, member of the CD28 costimulatory receptor family (FC, IHC) ...
... Cell surface protein, member of the CD28 costimulatory receptor family (FC, IHC) ...
Kevin Ahern's Biochemistry Course (BB 350) at Oregon State University
... Highlights Immune System 1. The immune system contains the innate immunity system and the adaptive immunity system. 2. The innate system uses receptors that bind to common lipopolysaccharide structures on the surface of Gram negative bacteria. 3. The adaptive immune system system contains two major ...
... Highlights Immune System 1. The immune system contains the innate immunity system and the adaptive immunity system. 2. The innate system uses receptors that bind to common lipopolysaccharide structures on the surface of Gram negative bacteria. 3. The adaptive immune system system contains two major ...
Content Benchmark L.12.B.3 1
... What is the best reason why Response II is greater than Response I? A. More bacteria entered at point 2 than at point 1. B. Memory cells were produced during Response I. C. Antibodies from Response I still remained in the blood. D. Macrophages increased their production of antibodies. 2nd Item Speci ...
... What is the best reason why Response II is greater than Response I? A. More bacteria entered at point 2 than at point 1. B. Memory cells were produced during Response I. C. Antibodies from Response I still remained in the blood. D. Macrophages increased their production of antibodies. 2nd Item Speci ...
Slide 1
... can be caused by pathogen or physical trauma acute inflammation is the immediate response of ...
... can be caused by pathogen or physical trauma acute inflammation is the immediate response of ...
II. T cell activation
... Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 1 June 2006 03:50 PM) © 2005 Elsevier ...
... Downloaded from: StudentConsult (on 1 June 2006 03:50 PM) © 2005 Elsevier ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034
... II. State whether the following are true or false; if false give reason: (5 x 1= 5 marks) (6) Monocytes are agranulocytes. (7) An individual can inherit a maximum of 12 different MHC II molecules. (8) Autoantibodies to intrinsic factor will lead to Goodpasture’s syndrome. (9) Monoclonal antibodies a ...
... II. State whether the following are true or false; if false give reason: (5 x 1= 5 marks) (6) Monocytes are agranulocytes. (7) An individual can inherit a maximum of 12 different MHC II molecules. (8) Autoantibodies to intrinsic factor will lead to Goodpasture’s syndrome. (9) Monoclonal antibodies a ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.