MONOCYTE AND MACROPHAGE HETEROGENEITY
... Phagocytic cells were initially classified as the reticuloendothelial system87; however, this classification failed to distinguish between ‘true’ sinusoidal endothelial cells and sinus-lining macrophages. As a consequence, the classification of the mononuclearphagocyte system was altered to include ...
... Phagocytic cells were initially classified as the reticuloendothelial system87; however, this classification failed to distinguish between ‘true’ sinusoidal endothelial cells and sinus-lining macrophages. As a consequence, the classification of the mononuclearphagocyte system was altered to include ...
Analysis of the Original Antigenic Sin Antibody Response to the
... since serovar C VD1 antibodies were not recalled by boosting with serovar B, which shares little sequence identity in the VD1 region with serovar C. The fine specificity of epitope recognition by antibody reflected the nature of the recalled VD1-specific antibody repertoire. Homologous sera (serovar ...
... since serovar C VD1 antibodies were not recalled by boosting with serovar B, which shares little sequence identity in the VD1 region with serovar C. The fine specificity of epitope recognition by antibody reflected the nature of the recalled VD1-specific antibody repertoire. Homologous sera (serovar ...
Identification of Klebsiella Pneumoniae by Capsular Polysaccharide
... organism on gram stain, and provides resistance against many host defense mechanisms. Members of the Klebsiella genus typically express 2 types of antigens on their cell surface. The first is a lipopolysaccharide (O antigen); the other is a capsular polysaccharide (K antigen). Both of these antigens ...
... organism on gram stain, and provides resistance against many host defense mechanisms. Members of the Klebsiella genus typically express 2 types of antigens on their cell surface. The first is a lipopolysaccharide (O antigen); the other is a capsular polysaccharide (K antigen). Both of these antigens ...
Vitiligo-Like Hypopigmentation Induced by Imiquimod Case Report Zekayi Kutlubay,
... In our patients despite discontinuation of imiquimod and utilization of a herbal cream, the hypopigmentation did not improve. Previous case reports also mentioned that the hypopigmented areas remained unchanged despite discontinuation of imiquimod and suggested that trial with macrolide immunomodula ...
... In our patients despite discontinuation of imiquimod and utilization of a herbal cream, the hypopigmentation did not improve. Previous case reports also mentioned that the hypopigmented areas remained unchanged despite discontinuation of imiquimod and suggested that trial with macrolide immunomodula ...
Leishmania species: models of intracellular parasitism
... gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. The relationship between such organisms and their host cells is particularly intriguing because, not only are macrophages capable of potent microbicidal activity, but in their antigen-presenting capacity they can orchestrate the developing immune response. Thus, to init ...
... gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. The relationship between such organisms and their host cells is particularly intriguing because, not only are macrophages capable of potent microbicidal activity, but in their antigen-presenting capacity they can orchestrate the developing immune response. Thus, to init ...
gandhinamita
... the immune response are escape variants selected by nature as they have developed mutations in immune recognition components. To boost immune response to these tumors, several types of immunotherapies are being studied but so far have had minimal success ix ...
... the immune response are escape variants selected by nature as they have developed mutations in immune recognition components. To boost immune response to these tumors, several types of immunotherapies are being studied but so far have had minimal success ix ...
Immunogenicity of B16 melanoma cells after
... cytokine secretion when gathered from melanoma cells treated with RT, DTIC and HT in combination with zVAD-fmk .............................................................................................. 60 ...
... cytokine secretion when gathered from melanoma cells treated with RT, DTIC and HT in combination with zVAD-fmk .............................................................................................. 60 ...
HIV-1 IMMUNE RESPONSES INDUCED BY NATURAL INFECTION
... with HIV‐1, and more than 20 million have died from AIDS related disease. There are several explanations as to why HIV‐1/AIDS has spread to become a world wide pandemic. The onset of AIDS is caused by a slow degeneration of the immune system as a consequence of HIV‐1 infection. Thus ...
... with HIV‐1, and more than 20 million have died from AIDS related disease. There are several explanations as to why HIV‐1/AIDS has spread to become a world wide pandemic. The onset of AIDS is caused by a slow degeneration of the immune system as a consequence of HIV‐1 infection. Thus ...
β2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR MODULATION OF MACROPHAGE
... of these pathways are interrupted, serious consequences may evolve. Indeed, disturbances in these routes of communication can directly influence various aspects of disease progression such as course, duration and severity [17, 19, 32, 52, 55]. There are many routes of communication linking the immun ...
... of these pathways are interrupted, serious consequences may evolve. Indeed, disturbances in these routes of communication can directly influence various aspects of disease progression such as course, duration and severity [17, 19, 32, 52, 55]. There are many routes of communication linking the immun ...
PhD Rika 140511 - Laboratory of Parasitology
... studies identifying isolates of parasites from infected hosts in localized outbreaks or as a result of longitudinal surveillance and genotyping of positive cases (Thompson et al., 2008). Farm animals can be infected with the zoonotic assemblage A or the livestockspecific assemblage E. Giardia has be ...
... studies identifying isolates of parasites from infected hosts in localized outbreaks or as a result of longitudinal surveillance and genotyping of positive cases (Thompson et al., 2008). Farm animals can be infected with the zoonotic assemblage A or the livestockspecific assemblage E. Giardia has be ...
NOG Mice Transgenic − Using Human IL-3/GM
... NOD/LtSz-scid IL2rgnull (NSG) (20), and BALB/c Rag2null IL2rgnull (21, 22), enabled long-term engraftment of human tissues because of the total lack of the endogenous mouse immune system, enormously improving the generation of humanized mice. Our group previously demonstrated that efficient human he ...
... NOD/LtSz-scid IL2rgnull (NSG) (20), and BALB/c Rag2null IL2rgnull (21, 22), enabled long-term engraftment of human tissues because of the total lack of the endogenous mouse immune system, enormously improving the generation of humanized mice. Our group previously demonstrated that efficient human he ...
Characterization of amoxicillin‐and clavulanic acid‐specific T cells
... specific HLA alleles are responsible for antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, the data suggest that the adaptive immune system is involved in the development of liver injury. Despite this, the underlying mechanisms of immunological DILI are poorly understood. Maria and Victorino9 utilized the lymp ...
... specific HLA alleles are responsible for antigen presentation to T lymphocytes, the data suggest that the adaptive immune system is involved in the development of liver injury. Despite this, the underlying mechanisms of immunological DILI are poorly understood. Maria and Victorino9 utilized the lymp ...
Emerging Roles of IL-33/ST2 Axis in Renal Diseases
... tm1 knock-in mouse model through ST2-dependent signaling [39]. This suggests that physiological control of IL-33 release is crucial and tightly regulated during tissue homeostasis. After being released, IL-33 activates various types of immune cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, ty ...
... tm1 knock-in mouse model through ST2-dependent signaling [39]. This suggests that physiological control of IL-33 release is crucial and tightly regulated during tissue homeostasis. After being released, IL-33 activates various types of immune cells, including neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, ty ...
Excludes Superantigen-Like Recognition Complementarity
... consists of an a- and a b-chain (1, 2). The high diversity of these Ag receptors is caused by the rearrangement of distinct gene elements during T cell ontogeny (3). The complementarity-determining regions (CDRs)5 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, located in the variable parts of the TCR a- and b-chains are ess ...
... consists of an a- and a b-chain (1, 2). The high diversity of these Ag receptors is caused by the rearrangement of distinct gene elements during T cell ontogeny (3). The complementarity-determining regions (CDRs)5 CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, located in the variable parts of the TCR a- and b-chains are ess ...
The Role of Complement in Tumor Growth Chapter 11
... of the MAC into the membrane (Podack and Muller-Eberhard 1979; Jenne and Tschopp 1989). Clusterin can also modulate cell differentiation and regulate the production of major pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 (Falgarone and Chiocchia 2009). Comple ...
... of the MAC into the membrane (Podack and Muller-Eberhard 1979; Jenne and Tschopp 1989). Clusterin can also modulate cell differentiation and regulate the production of major pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 (Falgarone and Chiocchia 2009). Comple ...
Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Neuroendocrine
... expressed in immune cells in the periphery and act to modulate immune function [16]. CB2 receptors are also expressed in tonsils, bone marrow, thymus, pancreas, adult rat retina, and peripheral nerve terminals in the mouse vas deferens [17]. However, it has currently been demonstrated the expression ...
... expressed in immune cells in the periphery and act to modulate immune function [16]. CB2 receptors are also expressed in tonsils, bone marrow, thymus, pancreas, adult rat retina, and peripheral nerve terminals in the mouse vas deferens [17]. However, it has currently been demonstrated the expression ...
Gut Bacteria Metabolism Impacts Immune Recovery in HIV
... diarrhoea) or co-infections by hepatitis B or C viruses. This study conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and was approved by the Independent Ethics Committees of both recruiting institutions (approval number 11/284). Table 1 summarizes the ...
... diarrhoea) or co-infections by hepatitis B or C viruses. This study conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and was approved by the Independent Ethics Committees of both recruiting institutions (approval number 11/284). Table 1 summarizes the ...
Neutrophils in tuberculosis: heterogeneity shapes the way?
... [54, 55]. Thus, a role for neutrophils in “concentrating” antigens has been proposed [55]. For T lymphocytes, neutrophils can serve as antigenpresenting cells [56, 57]. Neutrophils were shown to carry antigens from the peripheral sites to the lymph nodes and bone marrow and facilitate the generation ...
... [54, 55]. Thus, a role for neutrophils in “concentrating” antigens has been proposed [55]. For T lymphocytes, neutrophils can serve as antigenpresenting cells [56, 57]. Neutrophils were shown to carry antigens from the peripheral sites to the lymph nodes and bone marrow and facilitate the generation ...
Toxocara infection and its Association with Allergic Manifestations
... responses towards environmental allergens. However, studies with helminths which are characterized by the induction of Th2 cells, showed that infection with these pathogens can also protect against allergic diseases [51]. It has now become clear that the interaction between helminth infection and al ...
... responses towards environmental allergens. However, studies with helminths which are characterized by the induction of Th2 cells, showed that infection with these pathogens can also protect against allergic diseases [51]. It has now become clear that the interaction between helminth infection and al ...
Harnessing Local Immunity for an Effective Universal Swine
... (FluMist/Fluenz, MedImmune Gaithersburg, MD, Maryland, US). Studies in young children suggest that LAIV is more protective than inactivated influenza vaccines in those not previously exposed to influenza or influenza vaccines, due to increased vaccine-induced T cell and/or secretory IgA responses. I ...
... (FluMist/Fluenz, MedImmune Gaithersburg, MD, Maryland, US). Studies in young children suggest that LAIV is more protective than inactivated influenza vaccines in those not previously exposed to influenza or influenza vaccines, due to increased vaccine-induced T cell and/or secretory IgA responses. I ...
O MHC - Fernando Pessoa University
... receptor and peptide antigen in an MHC molecule • Without T cells there can be no effective immune response • There is strong selective pressure on pathogens to evade the immune response • The MHC has evolved two strategies to prevent evasion by pathogens More than one type of MHC molecule in each i ...
... receptor and peptide antigen in an MHC molecule • Without T cells there can be no effective immune response • There is strong selective pressure on pathogens to evade the immune response • The MHC has evolved two strategies to prevent evasion by pathogens More than one type of MHC molecule in each i ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology,
... lytic enzymes in the lysosome 34; apoptosis 24 of infected macrophages which removes the niche for growth and therefore restricts multiplication of bacteria. ...
... lytic enzymes in the lysosome 34; apoptosis 24 of infected macrophages which removes the niche for growth and therefore restricts multiplication of bacteria. ...
Article
... activated M2 macrophages (F4/80+CD11c CD206+) found in lean adipose tissue generate high amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, but are decreased in obesity (Fujisaka et al., 2009; Lumeng et al., 2007). Although the importance of macrophages and their interaction with adipocytes and ...
... activated M2 macrophages (F4/80+CD11c CD206+) found in lean adipose tissue generate high amounts of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, but are decreased in obesity (Fujisaka et al., 2009; Lumeng et al., 2007). Although the importance of macrophages and their interaction with adipocytes and ...
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth. The adaptive immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the innate immune system). Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Like the innate system, the adaptive system includes both humoral immunity components and cell-mediated immunity components.Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection: for example; someone who recovers from measles is now protected against measles for their lifetime but in other cases it does not provide lifetime protection: for example; chickenpox. The adaptive system response destroys invading pathogens and any toxic molecules they produce. Sometimes the adaptive system is unable to distinguish foreign molecules, the effects of this may be hayfever, asthma or any other allergies. Antigens are any substances that elicit the adaptive immune response. The cells that carry out the adaptive immune response are white blood cells known as lymphocytes. Two main broad classes—antibody responses and cell mediated immune response—are also carried by two different lymphocytes (B cells and T cells). In antibody responses, B cells are activated to secrete antibodies, which are proteins also known as immunoglobulins. Antibodies travel through the bloodstream and bind to the foreign antigen causing it to inactivate, which does not allow the antigen to bind to the host.In acquired immunity, pathogen-specific receptors are ""acquired"" during the lifetime of the organism (whereas in innate immunity pathogen-specific receptors are already encoded in the germline). The acquired response is called ""adaptive"" because it prepares the body's immune system for future challenges (though it can actually also be maladaptive when it results in autoimmunity).The system is highly adaptable because of somatic hypermutation (a process of accelerated somatic mutations), and V(D)J recombination (an irreversible genetic recombination of antigen receptor gene segments). This mechanism allows a small number of genes to generate a vast number of different antigen receptors, which are then uniquely expressed on each individual lymphocyte. Because the gene rearrangement leads to an irreversible change in the DNA of each cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that are the keys to long-lived specific immunity.A theoretical framework explaining the workings of the acquired immune system is provided by immune network theory. This theory, which builds on established concepts of clonal selection, is being applied in the search for an HIV vaccine.