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K.Batrakov, Mechanisms of Terahertz Radiation Generation in
K.Batrakov, Mechanisms of Terahertz Radiation Generation in

... negative influence of the beam energy spread is smaller, and therefore more electrons interact with the wave: the radiation effectiveness can be increased. It is also possible to intensify the effect of radiation instability in nanotube due to the generation in the region of small effective mass of ...
PDF only - at www.arxiv.org.
PDF only - at www.arxiv.org.

Instructions for use Title Coulomb staircase and total spin
Instructions for use Title Coulomb staircase and total spin

... quantum dot1,2 and has recently been extended to roles of the spin degree of freedom in this system. A transition of a spin singlet to triplet state,3,4 a triplet state due to Hund’s rule,5 and the even larger spin polarization6,7 have been observed. The Kondo effect has been observed when the local ...
+ H 2 O
+ H 2 O

... Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes Electrolytes- compounds that conduct an electric current in aqueous solution, or in the molten state – all ionic compounds are electrolytes because they dissociate into ions (they are also called “salts”)  barium sulfate- will conduct when molten, but is insoluble ...
Unit-2-Hydrocarbons
Unit-2-Hydrocarbons

Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier - EMU I-REP
Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier - EMU I-REP

Analysis of radiation patterns of rectangular microstrip
Analysis of radiation patterns of rectangular microstrip

... Microstrip antennas have been the subject to study for many years. Their analyses include the transmission line model [1], the cavity model [2], and the method of moments [3]. The physical size of a microstrip antenna is small, but the electrical size measured in wavelength λ is not so small. Much r ...
Chapter 23 + Practice Problems - Bloomsburg Area School District
Chapter 23 + Practice Problems - Bloomsburg Area School District

... Proteins are found in all living cells and are the most complex and varied class of biochemical molecules. A protein is an organic biological polymer that is made up of polypeptide chains of 50 or more amino acids and is an important building block of all cells. The name protein comes from the Greek ...
Enhanced Loading of a Lithium 7 Magneto Optical Trap using
Enhanced Loading of a Lithium 7 Magneto Optical Trap using

... and adiabatic compression, showing how the two are related. In chapter 3 the most popular methods used to load a MOT are presented. They can be divided in cooling and non-cooling schemes. The Zeeman slower is an example of a cooling scheme while the frequency spread light fits in the second category ...
Widener University
Widener University

... A projectile is launched with a speed of 30 m/s at an angle of 60 with the horizontal. Take g = 9.8 m/s2. Calculate: a) the horizontal and vertical components of its velocity vector v at t = 2.0 s after launch. b) the magnitude and direction of its velocity vector v at t = 2.0 s after launch. c) th ...
Cosmology as a Problem in Critical Phenomena
Cosmology as a Problem in Critical Phenomena

... be discarded because proton decay, if it takes place, is rarer than that theory naturally predicted. Unification has turned out to be a harder problem than perhaps it seemed in 1975, partly because the properties of the elementary particles and forces are themselves so diverse. Furthermore, it seems ...
L. Fortunato - INFN Padova
L. Fortunato - INFN Padova

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

... the parameters P, V and T. The values of these functions are independent of the nature of the process, resulting in a system of this state . The functions of the state are: 1) the internal energy of the system (U); 2) the enthalpy ( heat content ) of ( H) ; 3 ) the entropy (a measure of disorder) of ...
Halliday 9th chapter 9
Halliday 9th chapter 9

Chapter - INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS
Chapter - INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS

Level shifts of rubidium Rydberg states due to binary interactions
Level shifts of rubidium Rydberg states due to binary interactions

... binary interaction-induced energy level shifts due to couplings of the type 具B兩 丢 具C兩VInt兩A典 丢 兩A典, where 兩A典, 兩B典, and 兩C典 are single-particle Rydberg states. Generally, the interaction operator, VInt, can be expanded in multipole terms that scale with increasing negative powers of the interatomic ...
Isotopic fractionation in proteins as a measure of hydrogen bond
Isotopic fractionation in proteins as a measure of hydrogen bond

... proximity to and accessibility to the solvent and anisotropic electric fields arising from neighbouring charged amino acid residues. An example of the latter occurs in the Photoactive Yellow Protein (PYP) where the existence of a possible low barrier H-bond may be dependent on deprotonation of the n ...
Prologue - LandSurvival.com
Prologue - LandSurvival.com

... Let us furthermore consider the reader who already “knows” that our conclusion cannot be valid. For such a person, is there any point in proceeding further? Most likely, this event is not expected to occur until at least months or possibly even years after the time that the book is read, and some wi ...
Physical Sciences Grade 10 Term 2
Physical Sciences Grade 10 Term 2

... tube and fills the test tube up to the ¾ mark with water. The contents of the test tube are then shaken vigorously to dissolve the chemicals, use a rubber stopper to close the test tube before shaking it. If possible measure the mass of all the test tubes with their contents and record this mass. To ...
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry STOICHIOMETRY: The chemical arithmetic
Chapter 3 Stoichiometry STOICHIOMETRY: The chemical arithmetic

The Free High School Science Texts: A Textbook for
The Free High School Science Texts: A Textbook for

... 1.4.2 The Other Systems of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 The Importance of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Choice of Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 How to Change Units— the “Multiply by 1” Technique 1.8 How Units Can Help You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Wave Functions - Quantum Theory Group at CMU
Wave Functions - Quantum Theory Group at CMU

... of the particle. But what can one say about the position of a quantum particle described by ψ(x)? In classical physics wave packets are used to describe water waves, sound waves, radar pulses, and the like. In each of these cases the wave packet does not have a precise position; indeed, one would no ...
Sem título de diapositivo
Sem título de diapositivo

Cathodoluminescence in the scanning transmission electron
Cathodoluminescence in the scanning transmission electron

Safety Quiz - WordPress.com
Safety Quiz - WordPress.com

... Example: Atomic number Correct answer: It increases as you move across the periodic table and also increases as you move down the periodic table. This is because every element has one more proton than the one before it. ...
< 1 ... 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 ... 788 >

Atomic theory



In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms. It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms.The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos, meaning ""uncuttable"". 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements. While seemingly apropos, around the turn of the 20th century, through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity, physicists discovered that the so-called ""uncuttable atom"" was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles (chiefly, electrons, protons and neutrons) which can exist separately from each other. In fact, in certain extreme environments, such as neutron stars, extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all. Since atoms were found to be divisible, physicists later invented the term ""elementary particles"" to describe the ""uncuttable"", though not indestructible, parts of an atom. The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics, and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter.
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