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USING STANDARD SYSTE - The University of Iowa
USING STANDARD SYSTE - The University of Iowa

... effect. They pointed out that when both Q and E depend on position 共in two or three dimensions兲, it is possible that the force on a particle is not derivable from a potential. Particles are thus able to move in a closed path and gain energy from the ambient dc electric field. In equilibrium this ene ...
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... • Chemoautotrophs use the electrons from reduced inorganic compounds as a source of energy, they use CO2 as their principal source of carbon • Inorganic sources of energy for include hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for Beggiatoa; elemental sulfur (S) for Thiobacillus thiooxidans; ammonia (NH3) for Nitrosomon ...
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mass deficiency correction to the dirac relativistic approach

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Atomic theory



In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which states that matter is composed of discrete units called atoms. It began as a philosophical concept in ancient Greece and entered the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up of atoms.The word atom comes from the Ancient Greek adjective atomos, meaning ""uncuttable"". 19th century chemists began using the term in connection with the growing number of irreducible chemical elements. While seemingly apropos, around the turn of the 20th century, through various experiments with electromagnetism and radioactivity, physicists discovered that the so-called ""uncuttable atom"" was actually a conglomerate of various subatomic particles (chiefly, electrons, protons and neutrons) which can exist separately from each other. In fact, in certain extreme environments, such as neutron stars, extreme temperature and pressure prevents atoms from existing at all. Since atoms were found to be divisible, physicists later invented the term ""elementary particles"" to describe the ""uncuttable"", though not indestructible, parts of an atom. The field of science which studies subatomic particles is particle physics, and it is in this field that physicists hope to discover the true fundamental nature of matter.
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