AQA Classical Civilization revision
... Spent most of his life in Spain with the military. Was elected military commander by his troops when Hasdrubal the fair ( Hannibal’s brother in Law, not brother) was assassinated. Besieged and captured Saguntum, began 2nd Punic war. Led his men, including 37 elephants across the Alps in orde ...
... Spent most of his life in Spain with the military. Was elected military commander by his troops when Hasdrubal the fair ( Hannibal’s brother in Law, not brother) was assassinated. Besieged and captured Saguntum, began 2nd Punic war. Led his men, including 37 elephants across the Alps in orde ...
The Novus Homo and Virtus: Oratory, Masculinity, and the
... central virtue of virtus changed as Roman society became more sophisticated, yet there are still elements which connect the classical meaning of virtus to its older definitions of “manliness.” Virtus as a central Roman virtue, slowly changed in meaning in the time between its first appearance in the ...
... central virtue of virtus changed as Roman society became more sophisticated, yet there are still elements which connect the classical meaning of virtus to its older definitions of “manliness.” Virtus as a central Roman virtue, slowly changed in meaning in the time between its first appearance in the ...
Augustus and the Visionary Leadership of Pax Romana
... Throughout the early and mid-Republican period of Roman history, the military existed as a militia based army and Rome mobilized their landholders and aristocrats to support the strategic goals of Rome. Historian Adrian Goldsworthy notes the civic duty belief held by Roman citizens during this perio ...
... Throughout the early and mid-Republican period of Roman history, the military existed as a militia based army and Rome mobilized their landholders and aristocrats to support the strategic goals of Rome. Historian Adrian Goldsworthy notes the civic duty belief held by Roman citizens during this perio ...
![Roman_Infrastructure[1]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008722928_1-2784ff1b7a3f06e380145deaf993d222-300x300.png)
Roman_Infrastructure[1]
... "The Greeks are famous for their cities and in this they aimed at beauty. The Romans excelled in those things which the Greeks took little interest in such as the building of roads, aqueducts and sewers." -Strabo, a Greek ...
... "The Greeks are famous for their cities and in this they aimed at beauty. The Romans excelled in those things which the Greeks took little interest in such as the building of roads, aqueducts and sewers." -Strabo, a Greek ...
War with Jugurtha (112 – 106 BC)
... Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus – Land Reform Social/Economic Problems: -Following wars on conquest, most land and wealth was concentrated in the hands of the aristocratic elite. -Rome’s conquests had flooded the slave market, displacing paid labor -Legionary veterans were unable to find work, and be ...
... Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus – Land Reform Social/Economic Problems: -Following wars on conquest, most land and wealth was concentrated in the hands of the aristocratic elite. -Rome’s conquests had flooded the slave market, displacing paid labor -Legionary veterans were unable to find work, and be ...
The Composition of the Peloponnesian Elites in the
... security they provided were elaborated. The case of Polybios is cited as a characteristic example of this tendency about two and half centuries later by a well educated Greek of the upper provincial class, who originated from another region of the province Achaia: Plutarch from Chaeronea. In his «Pr ...
... security they provided were elaborated. The case of Polybios is cited as a characteristic example of this tendency about two and half centuries later by a well educated Greek of the upper provincial class, who originated from another region of the province Achaia: Plutarch from Chaeronea. In his «Pr ...
Citizenship Identity and Imperial Control Roman
... A background on the classes of Roman citizenship during the Republic is essential to understand just what it was that the Allies were aspiring to. First and foremost were of course full Roman citizens, who had all of the rights and protections afforded by the Senate and People of Rome. Among these r ...
... A background on the classes of Roman citizenship during the Republic is essential to understand just what it was that the Allies were aspiring to. First and foremost were of course full Roman citizens, who had all of the rights and protections afforded by the Senate and People of Rome. Among these r ...
The Western World was saved at the Battle of Chalons, 451 AD
... tribes who routinely raided and pillaged their neighbors, and each other. The Huns were wanderers, who did not understand the concept of civilization or agriculture. In order to survive, they moved in small groups over large areas from grazing ground to grazing ground. They often blindly plundered a ...
... tribes who routinely raided and pillaged their neighbors, and each other. The Huns were wanderers, who did not understand the concept of civilization or agriculture. In order to survive, they moved in small groups over large areas from grazing ground to grazing ground. They often blindly plundered a ...
selected examples of laws (leges) approved by comitia preserved in
... in 20 CE – several centuries after the events described. Therefore Livy relied not only on his own knowledge but also and mainly on older sources available at his time. The main topic of the text is the history of Rome, shown via descriptions of important events and actions of noteworthy people. Bot ...
... in 20 CE – several centuries after the events described. Therefore Livy relied not only on his own knowledge but also and mainly on older sources available at his time. The main topic of the text is the history of Rome, shown via descriptions of important events and actions of noteworthy people. Bot ...
The General Influence of Roman Institutions of State and Public Law
... On sovereignty, virtually the only text which raised the question of constitutional relations between emperor and people stated: "What the princeps decides has the force of statute, as the people, by the lex regia which was passed regarding his power, confers on him all its own power and authority"2 ...
... On sovereignty, virtually the only text which raised the question of constitutional relations between emperor and people stated: "What the princeps decides has the force of statute, as the people, by the lex regia which was passed regarding his power, confers on him all its own power and authority"2 ...
Pfingsten-6-Formation of Roman Republic
... their old king, the Romans were none too keen on getting a new one. Rome would no longer be the plaything of kings. Instead, Rome would be a public thing. That is what the word 'Republic' means. 'Res' is a general word meaning 'thing or matter,' and 'publica' means 'public'. Res Publica, the public ...
... their old king, the Romans were none too keen on getting a new one. Rome would no longer be the plaything of kings. Instead, Rome would be a public thing. That is what the word 'Republic' means. 'Res' is a general word meaning 'thing or matter,' and 'publica' means 'public'. Res Publica, the public ...
Chapter 3 Section 7 - morganhighhistoryacademy.org
... consciousness of guilt, nor enslaved by passion. We have lost these virtues. We pile up riches for ourselves while the state is bankrupt. We sing the praises of prosperity—and idle away our lives. Good men or bad— it is all one: all the prizes that merit ought to win are carried off by ambitious int ...
... consciousness of guilt, nor enslaved by passion. We have lost these virtues. We pile up riches for ourselves while the state is bankrupt. We sing the praises of prosperity—and idle away our lives. Good men or bad— it is all one: all the prizes that merit ought to win are carried off by ambitious int ...
HIS 28 – Part 15
... measure, had been guided into law by one of his fellowtribunes, a RUBRIUS, and was known as the LEX RUBRIA (the ‘Rubrian Law’). 4. And there were reasons to repeal the ‘Rubrian Law’. 5. In 121 BC reports began to arrive from North Africa that marker-stones set up by the surveyors to indicate the bou ...
... measure, had been guided into law by one of his fellowtribunes, a RUBRIUS, and was known as the LEX RUBRIA (the ‘Rubrian Law’). 4. And there were reasons to repeal the ‘Rubrian Law’. 5. In 121 BC reports began to arrive from North Africa that marker-stones set up by the surveyors to indicate the bou ...
Mos, maiores, and historical exempla in Roman culture - Beck-Shop
... gestae, were turned into moralizing historical exempla, illustrating not only the quality of a particular action but also its position within mos maiorum in that each exemplum could be placed on a scale from good to bad.10 Furthermore, with this moralizing element, the genre of history became a furt ...
... gestae, were turned into moralizing historical exempla, illustrating not only the quality of a particular action but also its position within mos maiorum in that each exemplum could be placed on a scale from good to bad.10 Furthermore, with this moralizing element, the genre of history became a furt ...
Thesis msword - MINDS@UW Home
... raid lowland settlements for their surplus of goods, primarily grain. This was why you begin to see defensive fortifications along the highland and lowland regions. The forts slowly spread throughout most of the lowland regions. The hill forts also caused more isolation between the tribal groups and ...
... raid lowland settlements for their surplus of goods, primarily grain. This was why you begin to see defensive fortifications along the highland and lowland regions. The forts slowly spread throughout most of the lowland regions. The hill forts also caused more isolation between the tribal groups and ...
Thesis pdf - MINDS@UW Home
... raid lowland settlements for their surplus of goods, primarily grain. This was why you begin to see defensive fortifications along the highland and lowland regions. The forts slowly spread throughout most of the lowland regions. The hill forts also caused more isolation between the tribal groups and ...
... raid lowland settlements for their surplus of goods, primarily grain. This was why you begin to see defensive fortifications along the highland and lowland regions. The forts slowly spread throughout most of the lowland regions. The hill forts also caused more isolation between the tribal groups and ...
Miranda Allen Presentation Handout Tiberius
... o Augustus tries to make Agrippa emperor by marrying him to his daughter Julia, but Agrippa dies in 12 BC - Agrippa has two children with Julia, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, to add to the succession line that Augustus tries to create o Augustus forces Tiberius to divorce Vispania and marry the widowed J ...
... o Augustus tries to make Agrippa emperor by marrying him to his daughter Julia, but Agrippa dies in 12 BC - Agrippa has two children with Julia, Gaius and Lucius Caesar, to add to the succession line that Augustus tries to create o Augustus forces Tiberius to divorce Vispania and marry the widowed J ...
The Lost Legions of Augustus
... and the unit’s maneuverability was destroyed. Despite their training, the troops were completely overwhelmed by this massive attack in this terrifying environment 24. There was no hope for the Romans, the Germans pushed through them with such ferocity, that they had the Romans panicked and horrified ...
... and the unit’s maneuverability was destroyed. Despite their training, the troops were completely overwhelmed by this massive attack in this terrifying environment 24. There was no hope for the Romans, the Germans pushed through them with such ferocity, that they had the Romans panicked and horrified ...
fc.29 roman dominance of the mediterranean
... they also screen the Carthaginian Gallic & allied infantry which are pushing their center forward into a convex formation. This stretches the Carthaginian line and offers a tempting target for the main body of Roman infantry to attack, thus setting up a trap. ...
... they also screen the Carthaginian Gallic & allied infantry which are pushing their center forward into a convex formation. This stretches the Carthaginian line and offers a tempting target for the main body of Roman infantry to attack, thus setting up a trap. ...
Caesar, Cicero, and the End of the Republic
... - political oratory - philosophy - almost 1000 letters - even some poetry Cicero was not only a master of the Latin language, but also a remarkably versatile intellectual. In later Roman and especially European tradition, his works were widely copied, read, imitated, and admired. At left, the fronti ...
... - political oratory - philosophy - almost 1000 letters - even some poetry Cicero was not only a master of the Latin language, but also a remarkably versatile intellectual. In later Roman and especially European tradition, his works were widely copied, read, imitated, and admired. At left, the fronti ...
Rome Threatens Sardinia in the First Punic War `The First Punic War
... des erted and joined the mutineers. The rebels crucified Hanno, then ran rampant over the island, slaying all the Carthaginian settl ers. Once the euphor ia of the initial uprising had worn off, the se mercenari es began to dre ad retribution from Cartha ge. So the y sent an offer to Rome to surrend ...
... des erted and joined the mutineers. The rebels crucified Hanno, then ran rampant over the island, slaying all the Carthaginian settl ers. Once the euphor ia of the initial uprising had worn off, the se mercenari es began to dre ad retribution from Cartha ge. So the y sent an offer to Rome to surrend ...
Roman economy
The history of the Roman economy covers the period of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. Recent research has led to a positive reevaluation of the size and sophistication of the Roman economy.Moses Finley was the chief proponent of the primitivist view that the Roman economy was ""underdeveloped and underachieving,"" characterized by subsistence agriculture; urban centres that consumed more than they produced in terms of trade and industry; low-status artisans; slowly developing technology; and a ""lack of economic rationality."" Current views are more complex. Territorial conquests permitted a large-scale reorganization of land use that resulted in agricultural surplus and specialization, particularly in north Africa. Some cities were known for particular industries or commercial activities, and the scale of building in urban areas indicates a significant construction industry. Papyri preserve complex accounting methods that suggest elements of economic rationalism, and the Empire was highly monetized. Although the means of communication and transport were limited in antiquity, transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries expanded greatly, and trade routes connected regional economies. The supply contracts for the army, which pervaded every part of the Empire, drew on local suppliers near the base (castrum), throughout the province, and across provincial borders. The Empire is perhaps best thought of as a network of regional economies, based on a form of ""political capitalism"" in which the state monitored and regulated commerce to assure its own revenues. Economic growth, though not comparable to modern economies, was greater than that of most other societies prior to industrialization.Socially, economic dynamism opened up one of the avenues of social mobility in the Roman Empire. Social advancement was thus not dependent solely on birth, patronage, good luck, or even extraordinary ability. Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society, a strong tendency toward plutocracy is indicated by the wealth requirements for census rank. Prestige could be obtained through investing one's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately: grand country estates or townhouses, durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware, public entertainments, funerary monuments for family members or coworkers, and religious dedications such as altars. Guilds (collegia) and corporations (corpora) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking, sharing sound business practices, and a willingness to work.