Epistemic Reasons II: Basing
... mentalism was historically dominant in epistemology, many now defend non-mentalist views. Factualists include Hyman (1999), Littlejohn (2012) and Unger (1975). Abstractionists include Fantl and McGrath (2009) and Millar (2004). Arguments for Mentalism One argument for mentalism is that it provides t ...
... mentalism was historically dominant in epistemology, many now defend non-mentalist views. Factualists include Hyman (1999), Littlejohn (2012) and Unger (1975). Abstractionists include Fantl and McGrath (2009) and Millar (2004). Arguments for Mentalism One argument for mentalism is that it provides t ...
Actionable Knowledge
... Let it be noted that the above network of assumptions has a clear similarity to the well-known series of “if...then...else” statements often expressed as logical conditions in algorithmic programming languages. Similar statements are also found in modern knowledge-based systems incorporating artific ...
... Let it be noted that the above network of assumptions has a clear similarity to the well-known series of “if...then...else” statements often expressed as logical conditions in algorithmic programming languages. Similar statements are also found in modern knowledge-based systems incorporating artific ...
What is Philosophy? Minds and Machines
... if this takes a lot of time. In fact, science is one example where philosophy became very successful (‘natural philosophy’). – Second, even if philosophy does not provide one with any clear answers, it may still be able to say that certain answers are better than others. – And third, even if philoso ...
... if this takes a lot of time. In fact, science is one example where philosophy became very successful (‘natural philosophy’). – Second, even if philosophy does not provide one with any clear answers, it may still be able to say that certain answers are better than others. – And third, even if philoso ...
What is Philosophy?
... if this takes a lot of time. In fact, science is one example where philosophy became very successful (‘natural philosophy’). – Second, even if philosophy does not provide one with any clear answers, it may still be able to say that certain answers are better than others. – And third, even if philoso ...
... if this takes a lot of time. In fact, science is one example where philosophy became very successful (‘natural philosophy’). – Second, even if philosophy does not provide one with any clear answers, it may still be able to say that certain answers are better than others. – And third, even if philoso ...
Lecture 15
... • Theorem. If Mr. B’s preferences satisfy (1)–(3), then there is a unique representation of Mr. B’s preferences in terms of his degrees of belief q(·) and his utilities u(·), such that f g iff EU (f ) ≤ EU (g). Moreover, the degrees of belief q(·) in this representation will obey the probability ax ...
... • Theorem. If Mr. B’s preferences satisfy (1)–(3), then there is a unique representation of Mr. B’s preferences in terms of his degrees of belief q(·) and his utilities u(·), such that f g iff EU (f ) ≤ EU (g). Moreover, the degrees of belief q(·) in this representation will obey the probability ax ...
Truth, Value and Epistemic Expressivism
... Expressivism, isn’t confined to ethics. One might adopt it towards any type of value and claims about that value.2 In this paper, I want to examine whether we can adopt it towards the value of truth. I shall argue that we lack any standpoint from which we can make expressivism about the value of tru ...
... Expressivism, isn’t confined to ethics. One might adopt it towards any type of value and claims about that value.2 In this paper, I want to examine whether we can adopt it towards the value of truth. I shall argue that we lack any standpoint from which we can make expressivism about the value of tru ...
The Evidence of the Senses
... false: the warrant that perceptual experience provides is not ‘inconclusive’. Can’t the sceptic just grant the possibility of ‘direct perceptual access’ and deny its actuality? Indeed, but this is toothless unless backed by an argument. The sceptic bears the onus of proof—if she can’t supply a reaso ...
... false: the warrant that perceptual experience provides is not ‘inconclusive’. Can’t the sceptic just grant the possibility of ‘direct perceptual access’ and deny its actuality? Indeed, but this is toothless unless backed by an argument. The sceptic bears the onus of proof—if she can’t supply a reaso ...
Cohen paper, revised
... from moral justification, legal justification, and the like. ‘Justification’ is clear enough: to say that a belief is justified is to say that it has some positive normative status, but we need to know which domain or dimension of appraisal it scores positively on. Because Cohen’s opponent can’t an ...
... from moral justification, legal justification, and the like. ‘Justification’ is clear enough: to say that a belief is justified is to say that it has some positive normative status, but we need to know which domain or dimension of appraisal it scores positively on. Because Cohen’s opponent can’t an ...
analysis of knowledge, assertion, verification
... conclusive reasons for believing that p, then p is true. But this fact is not materially adequate, since an act expressed by a sentence can be justified by different (conclusive) reasons, which might not conclude to the truth of the sentence. Thus, the concept of ‘reason’ needs to be explicated in ...
... conclusive reasons for believing that p, then p is true. But this fact is not materially adequate, since an act expressed by a sentence can be justified by different (conclusive) reasons, which might not conclude to the truth of the sentence. Thus, the concept of ‘reason’ needs to be explicated in ...
Abstract expressionism and the communication
... are any mathematical objects. Abstract expressionism immediately faces a serious challenge. It is arguable that mathematics in useful in science in several ways: for instance, it enables us to draw inferences about scientific matters, and helps us to make new scientific discoveries. It could well be ...
... are any mathematical objects. Abstract expressionism immediately faces a serious challenge. It is arguable that mathematics in useful in science in several ways: for instance, it enables us to draw inferences about scientific matters, and helps us to make new scientific discoveries. It could well be ...
scientific imperialism and behaviorist
... reproduce. We say that something is “true” not because it really is, but simply because it has survived in a quasi-Darwinian struggle for intellectual existence. Just like Skinner’s (incorrect) interpretation of the pigeon in the “superstition” experiment, we may believe in superstitions if the righ ...
... reproduce. We say that something is “true” not because it really is, but simply because it has survived in a quasi-Darwinian struggle for intellectual existence. Just like Skinner’s (incorrect) interpretation of the pigeon in the “superstition” experiment, we may believe in superstitions if the righ ...
A Critical Analysis of Empiricism
... This paper will discussed throw some lights on the limits of modern empiricism. A critical analysis of modern empiricism especially the Humeans and Kantians shows that it culminates in scepticism, Subjectivism and agnosticism. The crisis of modern empiricism is that the logical culmination of these ...
... This paper will discussed throw some lights on the limits of modern empiricism. A critical analysis of modern empiricism especially the Humeans and Kantians shows that it culminates in scepticism, Subjectivism and agnosticism. The crisis of modern empiricism is that the logical culmination of these ...
Apr 7
... Inferential knowledge is prolific. (For the Buddhists, it is even more prolific than with the Naiyayikas, since Nyaya accepts, while Yogacara rejects, direct perception of universals in experience of individuals such as Bessie as a cow. The Buddhist claims inference is already operative when we cogn ...
... Inferential knowledge is prolific. (For the Buddhists, it is even more prolific than with the Naiyayikas, since Nyaya accepts, while Yogacara rejects, direct perception of universals in experience of individuals such as Bessie as a cow. The Buddhist claims inference is already operative when we cogn ...
PlatoX6_Commentary-_..
... This is of course the very opposite of learning something by reading. For example, in the Meno Dialogue, Socrates deduces from a slave boy with no background in geometry some fundamental concepts of the study of Geometry by using his dialectical method. Plato supposes that humans are inherently endo ...
... This is of course the very opposite of learning something by reading. For example, in the Meno Dialogue, Socrates deduces from a slave boy with no background in geometry some fundamental concepts of the study of Geometry by using his dialectical method. Plato supposes that humans are inherently endo ...
Rationalism - LabTec-CS
... A good way to illustrate this is to point out that empiricists do not deny the existence of a priori knowledge, but they do deny the existence of innate ideas. The reason for this is that empiricists consider the mind to be a blank slate. That is, that when we are born our minds are clear of any ide ...
... A good way to illustrate this is to point out that empiricists do not deny the existence of a priori knowledge, but they do deny the existence of innate ideas. The reason for this is that empiricists consider the mind to be a blank slate. That is, that when we are born our minds are clear of any ide ...
The `normativity of content` thesis is not about the normativity of
... (N): For any p: One ought to believe that p only if p (Boghossian 2005, p. 212)2. Understanding a belief attribution requires understanding the concept of belief for the attributor considers the attributed belief as belief. The normativity of belief thesis holds that a condition for grasping the con ...
... (N): For any p: One ought to believe that p only if p (Boghossian 2005, p. 212)2. Understanding a belief attribution requires understanding the concept of belief for the attributor considers the attributed belief as belief. The normativity of belief thesis holds that a condition for grasping the con ...
Philosophical Battles Empiricism Rationalism
... for any world view? Where does human knowledge ultimately come from? Empiricists have always claimed that sense experience is the ultimate starting point for all our knowledge. The senses, they maintain, give us all our raw data about the world, and without this raw material, there would be no knowl ...
... for any world view? Where does human knowledge ultimately come from? Empiricists have always claimed that sense experience is the ultimate starting point for all our knowledge. The senses, they maintain, give us all our raw data about the world, and without this raw material, there would be no knowl ...
Entitlement, Justification, and the Bootstrapping
... go well beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, I wish to pursue an alternative view that purports to avoid this shortcoming. Turning back to the view we now considering, the suggestion would be that for any given belief B*, one has justification for B* only if one has other beliefs whose contents ...
... go well beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, I wish to pursue an alternative view that purports to avoid this shortcoming. Turning back to the view we now considering, the suggestion would be that for any given belief B*, one has justification for B* only if one has other beliefs whose contents ...
The Dominant Islamic Philosophy of Knowledge
... reason, given that knowledge is a set of true beliefs about the meanings of words and propositions. But if we define meaning in terms of the context of speech such that the context of speech determines the meanings of words and sentences, we will tend to analyze knowledge in terms of different conte ...
... reason, given that knowledge is a set of true beliefs about the meanings of words and propositions. But if we define meaning in terms of the context of speech such that the context of speech determines the meanings of words and sentences, we will tend to analyze knowledge in terms of different conte ...
Rene Descartes Handout #1 Historical
... We use the word "certain" and "certainty" in various ways. Frequently it is used to refer to the state of believing something with maximal confidence. You are certain of something if you are sure of it. This is a kind of psychological or subjective certainty. This is not the sort of certainty Descar ...
... We use the word "certain" and "certainty" in various ways. Frequently it is used to refer to the state of believing something with maximal confidence. You are certain of something if you are sure of it. This is a kind of psychological or subjective certainty. This is not the sort of certainty Descar ...
8th FY Khoo Memorial Lecture 2012—Why Radiologists Need
... Unfortunately, beliefs are the lowest currency of knowledge. A belief is not a fact, nor is it knowledge. It is a psychological state of mind, where we hold something to be true. Anyone can believe anything, even what is patently false or impossible to others. So, how do we know that a belief is tru ...
... Unfortunately, beliefs are the lowest currency of knowledge. A belief is not a fact, nor is it knowledge. It is a psychological state of mind, where we hold something to be true. Anyone can believe anything, even what is patently false or impossible to others. So, how do we know that a belief is tru ...
Refining Reid`s Principle of Credulity
... testimony although prima facie it belongs on this list. After all when we inquire into the basis of some claim by asking: ‘Why do you believe that?’ or ‘How do you know that?’ the answer ‘Jones told me’ can be just as appropriate as ‘I saw it’ or ‘I remember it’, ‘It follows from this’ or ‘It usuall ...
... testimony although prima facie it belongs on this list. After all when we inquire into the basis of some claim by asking: ‘Why do you believe that?’ or ‘How do you know that?’ the answer ‘Jones told me’ can be just as appropriate as ‘I saw it’ or ‘I remember it’, ‘It follows from this’ or ‘It usuall ...
Veritistic Social Epistemology
... concern as a pragmatist philosopher. Just like Goldman, James points out that we have a vital interest in acquiring true beliefs. The possession of true beliefs is of utmost importance for us in order successfully to find our way through the world.6 Furthermore and most importantly, James does not d ...
... concern as a pragmatist philosopher. Just like Goldman, James points out that we have a vital interest in acquiring true beliefs. The possession of true beliefs is of utmost importance for us in order successfully to find our way through the world.6 Furthermore and most importantly, James does not d ...
Faith and Reason
... = 6) must be justified. There must be a good reason for believing what you believe. If I were to ask you why you believe 3 + 3 = 6 and you replied, “I don’t know, I just do,” you would not have knowledge that 3 + 3 = 6. You believe it does, but you do not know it does. What you believe happens to be ...
... = 6) must be justified. There must be a good reason for believing what you believe. If I were to ask you why you believe 3 + 3 = 6 and you replied, “I don’t know, I just do,” you would not have knowledge that 3 + 3 = 6. You believe it does, but you do not know it does. What you believe happens to be ...