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PHYSgeneticsnotes
PHYSgeneticsnotes

... 1. Structural proteins are the big structural components of tissue (e.g. muscle, epithelial, etc.) 2. Enzymes are proteins that serve as catalysts, aiding chemical reactions in the body. 3. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. ...
AP Biology Ch. 12 Reading Guide – Molecular Biology of the Gene
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http://ict.aiias.edu/vol_26A/26Acc_271-290.pdf
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... Allele: different forms of the same gene. According to the Mendelian concept of a gene, a gene is an inherited factor controlling the phenotype of a trait, and alleles are copies of genes with some modification that alters this phenotype in some way. Alleles are detected only when the differences in ...
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... Complete each statement by underlining the correct term or phrase in the brackets. 1. Cohen and Boyer revolutionized genetics by producing recombinant [DNA / RNA]. 2. In Cohen and Boyer’s 1973 experiment, genetically engineered [bacterial / human] cells produced frog rRNA. 3. Moving genes from one o ...
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Mutation



In biology, a mutation is a permanent change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from damage to DNA which is not repaired or to RNA genomes (typically caused by radiation or chemical mutagens), errors in the process of replication, or from the insertion or deletion of segments of DNA by mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity.Mutation can result in several different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. One study on genetic variations between different species of Drosophila suggests that, if a mutation changes a protein produced by a gene, the result is likely to be harmful, with an estimated 70 percent of amino acid polymorphisms that have damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial. Due to the damaging effects that mutations can have on genes, organisms have mechanisms such as DNA repair to prevent or correct mutations by reverting the mutated sequence back to its original state.
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